Experimental and Modeling Studies of Stress Wave Propagation in Multilayer Composite Materials: Low Modulus Interlayer Effects

Abstract

The behavior of a multilayer material at high strain rate is investigated by a combination of experimental and numerical techniques. It is shown that, although the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) at first appears unsuitable for such applications, it is a valuable tool to validate finite element modeling. The feasibility and usefulness of modeling the stress wave propagation in complex multilayer materials was thus demonstrated. The one-dimensional stress state usually assumed for conventional SHPB testing is inapplicable, but it is shown that both numerical and experimental results can nevertheless be coupled for a complete understanding of the wave propagation characteristics. The specific material consists of ceramic face plate and glass/epoxy backing plate with a low modulus interlayer. It is shown that the lateral constraint of an interlayer with a significant positive Poisson’s ratio allows relatively easy transmission of the elastic compressive wave into the backing plate, whereas a low modulus interlayer with an almost zero Poisson’s ratio drastically reduces the ease of elastic wave transmission. The implications for the reduction in damage of the backing layer are discussed. Numerical modeling clearly shows that the severe stress inhomogeneities and discontinuities exist and these may have serious consequences regarding mechanical and other properties. The stress states inside the components are presented here.

Keywords

multilayer structures finite element analysis mechanical properties high strain rate stress wave propagation

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

van Hoof, J. , Worswick, M.J. and Williams, K. (2000). Backplane Response of Ballistically Impacted Composites , Journal De Physique Iv, 10(P9): 659–664 .

Stout, M.G. , Koss, D.A. , Liu, C. and Idasetima, J. (1999). Damage Development in Carbon/Epoxy Laminates under Quasi-static and Dynamic Loading , Composites Science and Technology, 59(16): 2339–2350 .

Song, B. , Chen, W.N. and Weerasooriya, T. (2003). Quasi-static and Dynamic Compressive Behaviors of a S-2 Glass/SC15 Composite , Journal of Composite Materials, 37(19): 1723–1743 .

Larsson, F. and Svensson, L. (2002). Carbon, Polyethylene and PBO Hybrid Fibre Composites for Structural Lightweight Armour , Composites Part A – Applied Science and Manufacturing, 33(2): 221–231 .

Yadav, S. and Ravichandran, G. (2003). Penetration Resistance of Laminated Ceramic/Polymer Structures , International Journal of Impact Engineering, 28(5): 557–574 .

Naik, N.K. , Borade, S.V. , Arya, H. , Sailendra, M. and Prabhu, S.V. (2002). Experimental Studies on Impact Behaviour of Woven Fabric Composites: Effect of Impact Parameters , Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 21(15): 1347–1362 .

Clements, B.E. , Johnson, J.N. , Addessio, F.L. and Hixson, R.S. (1997). Impact Produced Stress Waves in Composites , Journal De Physique Iv, 7(C3): 767–772 .

Mahfuz, H. , Gama, B. , Das, P. , Jeelani, S. , Gillespie, J. and Fink, B. (2003). Response of S2-Glass/Vinyl Ester Composites Under High Strain Rate Loading – An Experimental and Finite Element Study , Journal of Advanced Materials, 35(4): 36–43 .

Zhuang, S.M. , Ravichandran, G. and Grady, D.E.W. (2003). An Experimental Investigation of Shock Wave Propagation in Periodically Layered Composites , Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 51(2): 245–265 .

10.

Goldsmith, W. , Dharan, C.K.H. and Chang, H. (1995). Quasi-Static and Ballistic Perforation of Carbon-Fiber Laminates , International Journal of Solids and Structures, 32(1): 189–103 .

11.

Abrate, S. (2001). Modeling of Impact on Composite Structures , Comp. Struct., 51: 129–138 .

12.

Mines, R.A.W. , Roach, A.M. and Jones, N. (1999). High Velocity Perforation Behaviour of Polymer Composite Laminates , International Journal of Impact Engineering, 22(6): 561–588 .

13.

Wen, H.M. (2001). Penetration and Perforation of Thick FRP Laminates , Composites Science and Technology, 61(8): 1163–1172 .

14.

Li, Y. , Ramesh, K.T. and Chin, E.S.C. (2001). Dynamic Characterization of Layered and Graded Structures Under Impulsive Loading , International Journal of Solids and Structures, 38(34–35): 6045–6061 .

15.

Fink, B.K. (2000). Performance Metrics for Composite Integral Armor , Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 13(5): 417–431 .

16.

Gama, B.A. , Bogetti, T.A. , Fink, B.K. , Yu, C.J. , Claar, T.D. , Eifert, H.H. and Gillespie, J.W. (2001). Aluminum Foam Integral Armor: A New Dimension in Armor Design , Composite Structures, 52(3–4): 381–395 .

17.

Gama, B.A. , Gillespie, J.W. Jr. , Bogetti, T.A. and Fink, B. (2001). Innovative Design and Ballistic Performance of Lightweight Composite Integral Armor, In: SAE 2001 World Congress, SAE, Detroit, MI.

18.

Gama, B.A. , Gillespie, J.W. Jr. , Mahfuz, H. , Bogetti, T.A. and Fink, B. (2000). Effect of Non-Linear Material Behavior on the Through-Thickness Stress Wave Propagation in Multi-Layer Hybrid Lightweight Armor, In: Advances in Comp. Eng. and Sci., Tech. Sci. Press .

19.

Vaidya, U.K. , Abraham, A. and Bhide, S. (2001). Affordable Processing of Thick Section and Integral Multi-functional Composites , Composites Part A – Applied Science and Manufacturing,. 32(8): 1133–1142 .

20.

Mahfuz, H. et al. (2000). Investigation of High-velocity Impact on Integral Armor using Finite Element Method , International Journal of Impact Engineering, 24(2): 203–217 .

21.

Jovicic, J. , Zavaliangos, A. and Ko, F. (2000). Modeling of the Ballistic Behavior of Gradient Design Composite Armors , Composites Part A – Applied Science and Manufacturing, 31(8): 773–784 .

22.

Martinez, M.A. , Chocron, I.S. , Rodriguez, J. , Galvez, V.S. and Sastre, L.A. (1998). Confined Compression of Elastic Adhesives at High Rates of Strain , International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 18(6): 375–383 .

23.

Robbins, J.R. , Ding, J.L. and Gupta, Y.M. (2004). Load Spreading and Penetration Resistance of Layered Structures – A Numerical Study , International Journal of Impact Engineering, 30(6): 593–615 .

24.

Gupta, Y.M. and Ding, J.L. (2002). Impact Load Spreading in Layered Materials and Structures: Concept and Quantitative Measure , International Journal of Impact Engineering, 27(3): 277–291 .

25.

Verleysen, P. and Degrieck, J. (2000). Improved Signal Processing for Split Hopkinson Bar Tests on (Quasi-)Brittle Materials , Experimental Techniques, 24(6): 31–33 .

26.

Bacon, C. (1999). Separation of Waves Propagating in an Elastic or Viscoelastic Hopkinson Pressure Bar with Three-dimensional Effects , International Journal of Impact Engineering, 22(1): 55–69 .

27.

Gama, B.A. , Lopatnikov, S.L. and Gillespie Jr., J.W. (2003). Numerical Hopkinson Bar Analysis: Validity of One-dimensional Assumptions, In: ASC 2003, Gainesville, FL .

28.

Tasdemirci, A. , Hall, I.W. , Gama, B.A. and Guden, M. (2003). Stress Wave Propagation Effects in Multi-component Composite Materials , Journal of Composite Materials, 38(12): 995–1009 .

29.

Song, B. and Chen, W. (2004). Dynamic Compressive Behavior of EPDM Rubber under Nearly Uniaxial Strain Conditions , Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology – Transactions of the ASME, 126(2): 213–217 .

30.

Song, B. and Chen, W. (2003). One-dimensional Dynamic Compressive Behavior of EPDM Rubber , Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology – Transactions of the ASME, 125(3): 294–301 .

31.

Song, B. , Chen, W.N. and Cheng, M. (2004). Novel Model for Uniaxial Strain-rate-dependent Stress-Strain Behavior of Ethylene-propylene-diene Monomer Rubber in Compression or Tension , Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 92(3): 1553–1558 .

32.

Guden, M. and Hall, I.W. (1998). Dynamic Properties of Metal Matrix Composites: A Comparative Study , Materials Science and Engineering A – Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, 242(1–2): 141–152 .

33.

Ogden, R.W. (1984). Non-linear Elastic Deformations, p. 532–532, Halsted Press, New York .

34.

LSTC (2003). LS-DYNA Keyword User’s Manual, Livermore Software Technology Corporation.

35.

Gray III, G.T. (2000). Classic Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar Testing, In: Kuhn, H. and Medlin, D. (eds), ASM Handbook – Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, pp. 462–476, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio .