Micro/meso-mechanical models for unidirectional and angle-ply laminates under an off-axis tensile loading are presented. Three-dimensional unit/multi-cell representations of laminates with periodical fiber arrays are established. The matrix is described by a nonlinear viscoelastic model, and the fiber is described by an elastic one. Matrix cracking is modeled by the smeared crack method, which permits a crack description in terms of stress-strain relations and stiffness reduction in particular orientations. The modeling of material nonlinearity, damage initiation and growth, and the multiaxial loading with appropriate periodic boundary conditions are successfully incorporated in a FEM analysis. As examples of this unified analysis procedure, numerical results for unidirectional, angle-ply, and crossply laminates are presented. Using the same set of material constants of the constituents, different response characteristics of the three types of laminates are predicted, and the results are found to be in good agreement with the test data.
1. Ellyin, F. and Kujawski, D. (1995). Tensile and Fatigue Behaviour of Glass Fibre/Epoxy Laminates , Construction and Building Materials, 9: 425-430 .
2.
2. Pagano, N.J. and Yuan, F.G. (2000). The Significance of Effective Modulus Theory (Homogenization) in Composite Laminate Mechanics , Composites Science and Technology, 60: 2471-2488 .
3.
3. Raghavan, P. , Moorthy, S. , Ghosh, S. and Pagano, N.J. (2001). Revisiting the Composite Laminate Problem with an Adaptive Multi-level Computational Model , Composites Sciences and Technology, 61: 1017-1040 .
4.
4. Kim, S.J. , Lee, C.S. and Yeo, H.J. (2002). Direct Numerical Simulation of Composite Structures , Journal of Composite Materials, 36: 2765-2785 .
6. Zhang, Y. , Xia, Z. and Ellyin, F. (2004). Evolution and Influence of Residual Stresses/Strains of Fiber Reinforced Laminates , Composites Science and Technology, 64: 1613-1621 .
7.
7. Ellyin, F. , Xia, Z. and Chen, Y. (2002). Viscoelastic Micromechanical Modeling of Free Edge and Time Effects in Glass Fibre/Epoxy Cross-ply Laminates , Composites, Part A, 33: 399-409 .
8.
8. Aboudi, J. (1991). Mechanics of Composite Materials, A Unified Micromechanical Approach, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam .
9.
9. Nemat-Nasser, S. and Hori, M. (1993). Micromechanics: Overall Properties of Heterogeneous Materials, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam .
10.
10. Adams, D.F. and Crane, D.A. (1984). Finite Element Micromechanical Analysis of a Unidirectional Composite Including Longitudinal Shear Loading , Computer and Structures, 18: 1153-1165 .
11.
11. Hollister, S.J. and Kikuchi, N. (1992). A Comparison of Homogenization and Standard Mechanics Analysis for Periodic Porous Composites , Computational Mechanics, 10: 73-95 .
12.
12. Sun, C.T. and Vaidya, R.S. (1996). Prediction of Composite Properties from a Representative Volume Element , Composites Science and Technology, 56: 171-179 .
13.
13. Allen, D.H. , Jones, R.H. and Boyd, J.G. (1994). Micromechanical Analysis of a Continuous Fibre Metal Matrix Composite Including the Effects of Matrix Viscoplasticity and Evolving Damage , Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 42: 505-529 .
14.
14. Tvergaard, V. (1990). Effect of Fibre Debonding in Whisker-reinforced Metal , Material Science and Engineering, A125: 203-213 .
15.
15. Zhu, H. , Sankar B.V. and Marney R.V. (1998). Evaluation of Failure Criteria for Fibre Composites Using Single Element Micromechanics , Journal of Composite Materials, 32: 766-782 .
16.
16. Xia, Z. , Zhang, Y. and Ellyin, F. (2003). A Unified Periodical Boundary Conditions for Representative Volume Elements of Composites and Applications , International Journal of Solids and Structures, 40: 1907-1921 .
17.
17. Zhu, C. and Sun, C.T. (2003). Micromechanical Modeling of Fibre Composites under Off-axis Loading , Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 16: 333-344 .
18.
18. Bigelow, C.A. (1993). Thermal Residual Stresses in a Silicon-carbide/Titanium [0/90] Laminate , Journal of Composites Technology and Research, 15: 304-310 .
19.
19. Chen, Y. , Xia, Z. and Ellyin, F. (2001). Evolution of Residual Stresses Induced During Curing Processing using a Viscoelastic Micro-mechanical Model , Journal of Composite Materials, 35: 522-542 .
20.
20. Xia, Z. , Chel, Y. and Ellyin, F. (2000). A Meso/Micro-mechanical Model for Damage Progression in Glass-fibre/Epoxy Cross-ply Laminates by Finite-element Analysis , Composites Science and Technology, 60: 1171-1179 .
21.
21. Xia, Z. , Hu, Y. and Ellyin, F. (2003). Deformation Behavior of an Epoxy Resin Subject to Multiaxial Loadings, Part II: Constitutive Modeling and Predictions , Polymer Engineering and Science, 43: 734-748 .
22.
22. Rots, J.G. and Borst, R.D. (1989). Analysis of Concrete Fracture in "Direct"' Tension , International Journal of Solids and Structures, 25: 1381-1394 .
23.
23. Rots, J.G. (1991). Smeared and Discrete Representations of Localized Fracture , International Journal of Fracture, 51: 45-59 .
24.
24. Hoover, J.W. , Kujawski, D. and Ellyin, F. (1997). Transverse Cracking of Symmetric and Unsymmetric Glass-fibre/Epoxy-resin Laminates , Composites Science and Technology, 57: 1513-1526 .
25.
25. Hu, Y. (2002). Multiaxial Behavior and Viscoelastic Constitutive Modeling of Epoxy Polymers, PhD thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada.
26.
26. 3M Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing CO. , Technical Data of 'Scotchply' Reinforced Plastic Type 1002 & 1003, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA .
27.
27. Sun, C.T. and Zhu. C. (2000). The Effect of Deformation-induced Change of Fibre Orientatioll on the Non-linear Behavior of Polymeric Composite Laminates , Composites Science and Tcchnology, 60: 2337-2345 .
28.
28. Daniel, I.M. and Ishai, 0. (1994). Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials, Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford .
29.
29. El Kadi, H.A. (1993). Analysis and Failure of Laminated Fibre Reinforced Composites, PhD thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada.
30.
30. Piggott, M.R. , Alimuddin, M.A. , Chan, M. , Zhang, A. and Sun, J. (2000). Tensile Strength of Fibre-Polymer Interfaces, In: International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition (Proceedings), 21-25 May, Long Beach, CA, USA, Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering (SAMPE) Publishing, Covina, CA, USA , Vol. 45 (I), pp. 1137-1148.
