The application of composites to cryotanks has been one of the major concerns for lightweight launch vehicles. In this study, a prototype of a Type 3 cryotank was fabricated with the composite developed for cryogenic application and aluminum liner, and the cryogenic conditions were applied by filling the prototype with liquid nitrogen and then pressurizing it with gaseous nitrogen. During the experiment, delamination inside the cryotank happened. This article describes several attempts made to investigate failure through both analytical approach with thermo-elastic analysis accompanied by progressive failure and experimental approach with LN2 immersion of composite/aluminum ring specimens.
Heydenreich, R. (1998). Cryotanks in Future Vehicles , Cryogenics, 38: 125-130.
2.
Vendroux, G. , Auberon, M. and Dessaut, J. (1997). Cryogenic Composite Tanks: Structural Analysis and Manufacturing Concepts, 42nd International SAMPE Symposium , 42(2): 828-838.
3.
Johnson, T.F., Natividad, R., Rivers, H.K. and Smith, R. (1998). Thermal Structures Technology Development for Reusable Launch Vehicle Cryogenic Propellant Tanks, Space Technology and Application International Forum (STAIF), 3rd Conference on Next Generation Launch Systems, January 25-29.
4.
Grimsley, B.W., Cano, R.J., Johnston, N.J., Loos, A.C. and McMahon, W.M. (2001). Hybrid Composites for LH2 Fuel Tank Structure , 33rd International SAMPE Technical Conference , November 4-8.
5.
He, J., Shimoda, T., Mizutani, Y., Morino, Y. and Mizutani, S. (2003). Improved Study on Unlined Filament-Wound Composite Tank Designed for Cryogenic Propellants, 14th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM-14), July 14-18.
6.
Higuchi, K., Takeuchi, S., Sato, E., Naruo, Y., Inatani, Y., Namiki, F., Tanaka, K. and Watabe, Y. (2005). Development and Flight Test of Metal-lined CFRP Cryogenic Tank for Reusable Rocket, Acta Astronautica, 57: 432-437.
7.
Glaessgen, E.H. , Reeder, J.R., Sleight , D.W., Wang, J.T., Raju, I.S. and Harris, C.E. (2005). Debonding Failure of Sandwich-composite Cryogenic Fuel Tank with Internal Core Pressure, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 42(4): 613-627.
8.
Choi, S. and Sankar, B.V. (2006). Micromechanical Analysis of Composite Laminates at Cryogenic Temperatures, Journal of Composite Materials , 40(12): 1077-1091.
9.
Yokozeki, T. , Aoki, T. and Ishikawa, T. (2005). Experimental Cryogenic Gas Leakage Through Damaged Composite Laminates for Propellant Tank Application , Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets , 42(2): 363-366.
10.
Nair, A. and Roy, S. (2007). Modeling of Permeation and Damage in Graphite/epoxy Laminates for Cryogenic Tanks in the Presence of Delaminations and Stitch Cracks, Composites Science and Technology, 67(11-12): 2592-2605.
11.
Roy, S. and Benjamin, M. (2004). Modeling of Permeation and Damage in Graphite/epoxy Laminates for Cryogenic Fuel Storage , Composites Science and Technology, 64(13-14): 2051-2065.
12.
Peddiraju, P., Noh, J., Whitcomb , J. and Lagoudas, D.C. (2007). Prediction of Cryogen Leak Rate Through Damaged Composite Laminates, Journal of Composite Materials, 41(1): 41-71.
13.
Disdier, S. , Rey, J.M., Pailler , P. and Bunsell, A.R. (1998). Helium Permeation in Composite Materials for Cryogenic Application, Cryogenics , 38(1): 135-142.
14.
Kim, R.Y. and Donaldson, S.L. (2003). Development of Damage in Composites under Thermomechanical Loading, 14th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM-14), July 14-18.
15.
Timmerman, J.F., Tillman, M.S., Hayes , B.S. and Seferis, J.C. (2002). Matrix and Fiber Influences on the Cryogenic Microcracking of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites, Composites Part A, 33: 323-329.
16.
Roy, S. and Benjamin, M. (2003). Analysis of Opening Displacement of Transverse Cracks in Graphite-Epoxy Laminates for Permeation Modeling, 14th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM-14) , July 14-18.
17.
Noh, J., Peddiraju, P., Oh, B., Ganpatye, A., Maslov, K., Whitcomb, J., Kinra, V. and Lagouda, D. (2004). Prediction of Permeability of Cryogenic Composites , 49th International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition , May 16-24, p. 308.
18.
Kim, M.G. , Kang, S.G., Kim , C.U., Kim , C.G. and Kong, C.W. (2007). Tensile Properties of CFRP Composite with Different Resin Composition under Cryogenic Temperature , Journal of Korean Society for Composite Materials, 20(4): 1-8.
19.
Kang, S.G., Kim, M.G. and Kim, C.G. (2007). Evaluation of Cryogenic Performance of Adhesives Using Composite-Aluminum Double Lap Joints, Composite Structures , 78(3): 440-446.
20.
Kim, M.G. , Kang, S.G., Kim , C.G. and Kong, C.W. (2007). Thermally Induced Stress Analysis of Composite/Aluminum Ring Specimens at Cryogenic Temperature, Composite Science and Technology, 68(3-4): 1080-1087.
21.
Scholliers, J. and Brussel, H.V. (1994). Computer-integrated Filament Winding: Computer-integrated Design, Robotic Filament Winding and Robotic Quality Control, Composite Manufacturing, 5(1): 15-23.
22.
Doh, Y.D. and Hong, C.S. (1995). Progressive Failure Analysis for Filament Wound Pressure Vessel, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 14(12): 1278-1306.
23.
Incropera, F.P. and DeWitt, D.P. (1996). Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
24.
Chang, F.K. (1987). A Progressive Damage Model for Laminated Composites Containing Stress Concentrations, Journal of Composite Materials, 21: 834-851.
25.
Park, J.S., Kim, C.U., Kang, H.K., Hong, C.S. and Kim, C.G. (2002). Structural Analysis and Strain Monitoring of the Filament Wound Motor Case, Journal of Composite Materials , 36(20): 2373-2388.
26.
Tompkins, S.S. (1987). Thermal Expansion of Selected Graphite-reinforced Polymide-, Epoxy-, and Glass-Matrix Composites, International Journal of Thermophysics, 8(1): 119-132.
27.
Tsai, S.W. and Wu, E.M. (1971). A General Theory of Strength for Anisotropic Materials , Journal of Composite Materials, 5: 58-80.
28.
Gibson, R.F. (1994). Principles of Composite Material Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York.
29.
Brewer, J.C. and Lagace, P.A. (1988). Quadratic Stress Criterion for Initiation of Delamination, Journal of Composite Materials , 22: 1141-1155.
30.
Kim, D.M. (1991). Free-edge Delamination in Advanced Composite Laminates, Ph.D. Thesis, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea.
31.
Yoon, S.H., Kim, C.G. and Cho, W.M. (1997). Measurement of Tensile Properties using Filament Wound Ring Specimens, Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites, 16(9): 810-824.
32.
Liu, L. , Zhang, B.M., Wang , D.F. and Wu , Z.J. (2006). Effects of Cure Cycles on Void Content and Mechanical Properties of Composite Laminates, Composite Structures, 73(3): 303-309.
33.
Tang, J.M., Lee, I.W. and Springer, G.S. (1987). Effects of Cure Pressure on Resin Flow, Voids and Mechanical Properties, Journal of Composite Materials , 21: 421-440.
34.
Boey, F.Y.C. and Lye, S.W. (1992). Void Reduction in Autoclave Processing of Thermoset Composites - Part 1: High Pressure Effects on Void Reduction, Composites, 23(4): 261-265.
