Biodegradable glycerol-based polymeric composites filled with industrial waste materials

Abstract

The aim of this work was preparation and investigation of the polymeric composites from naturally occurring materials with the properties similar to those of conventional polymer composites and which can degrade to harmless substances after use. The other target of this work was to estimate the applicability of industrial waste materials as fillers in the polymeric composites and thus to offer a potential exploitation of biodegradable waste materials as an alternative to disposal. In this study, the polymeric composites were prepared by photopolymerization of glycerol diglycidyl ether and different industrial waste materials (rapeseed cake, phosphogypsum and horn meal) using a mixture of triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonates as photoinitiator. The effect of the amount and nature of the industrial waste materials on the kinetics of photopolymerization, values of contact angle and surface free energy, mechanical, thermal, rheological properties, swelling in water and biodegradability of the polymeric composites was studied. The incorporation of the selected industrial waste fillers into glycerol-based polymeric composites increased swelling in water, adhesiveness, biodegradability and reduced Young modulus values.

Keywords

Polymeric composites cross-linking photopolymerization biodegradable

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Imre

Pukanszky

. Recent advances in bio-based polymers and composites: preface to the BiPoCo special section. Eur Polym J 2013; 49: 1146–1150.

Laurichesse

Averous

. Chemical modification of lignins: towards biobased polymers. Prog Polym Sci 2014; 39: 1266–1290.

Miao

Wang

Zhiguo

et al.

Vegetable-oil-based polymers as future polymeric biomaterials. Acta Biomater 2014; 10: 1692–1704.

Lenartowicz

Swinarew

et al.

The evaluation of long-term aged PVC. Int J Polym Anal Charact 2014; 19: 611–624.

Reddy

Vivekanandhan

Misra

et al.

Biobased plastics and bionanocomposites: current status and future opportunities. Prog Polym Sci 2013; 38: 1653–1689.

Apprich

Tirpanalan

Hell

et al.

Wheat bran-based biorefinery 2: valorization of products. LWT - Food Sci Technol 2014; 56: 22–31.

Moser

. Biodiesel production, properties, and feedstocks. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol–Plant 2009; 45: 229–266.

Ciriminna

Della Pina

Rossi

et al.

Understanding the glycerol market. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2014; 116: 1432–1439.

Sangermano

. Advances in cationic photopolymerization. Pure App Chem 2012; 84: 2089–2101.

10.

Crivello

Reichmanis

. Photopolymer materials and processes for advanced technologies. Chem Mater 2014; 26: 533–548.

11.

Fertier

Koleilat

Stemmelen

et al.

The use of renewable feedstock in UV-curable materials – a new age for polymers and green chemistry. Prog Polym Sci 2013; 38: 932–962.

12.

Crivello

. Radical-promoted visible light photoinitiated cationic polymerization of epoxides. J Macromol Sci: Pure and Appl Chem 2009; 46: 474–483.

13.

Boonyapookana

Saengsai

Surapunt

et al.

Time dependent fatigue crack growth behavior of silica particle reinforced epoxy resin composite. Int J Fatigue 2016; 87: 288–293.

14.

Faruk

Bledzki

Fink

et al.

Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010. Prog Polym Sci 2012; 37: 1552–1596.

15.

Acebo

Fernandez-Francos

de la Flor

et al.

New anhydride/epoxy thermosets based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and 10-undecenoyl modified poly(ethyleneimine) with improved impact resistance. Prog Org Coat 2015; 85: 52–59.

16.

Foix

Ramis

Ferrando

et al.

Improvement of epoxy thermosets using a thiol-ene based polyester hyperbranched polymer as modifier. Polym Int 2012; 61: 727–734.

17.

Ortiz

Valdez

AEG

Sangermano

et al.

Comparison of the performance of two bifunctional curing agents for the photopolymerization of epoxy resins and the study of the mechanical properties of the obtained polymers. Macromol Symp 2015; 358: 35–40.

18.

Flores

Tomuta

Fernandez-Francos

et al.

A new two-stage curing system: thiol-ene/epoxy homopolymerization using an allyl terminated hyperbranched polyester as reactive modifier. Polymer 2013; 54: 5473–5481.

19.

Demengeot

EAC

Baliutaviciene

Ostrauskaite

et al.

Crosslinking of epoxidized natural oils with diepoxy reactive diluents. J Appl Polym Sci 2010; 115: 2028–2038.

20.

Harikrishna

. Kinetics of photocationically curable formulations involving glycerol diglycidyl ether and phenyl glycidyl ether. J Macromol Sci A 2014; 51: 788–795.

21.

Omrani

Menezes

Rohatgi

. State of the art on tribological behavior of polymer matrix composites reinforced with natural fibers in the green materials world. Int J Eng Sci Technol 2016; 19: 717–736.

22.

Anbukarasi

Kalaiselvam

. Study of effect of fibre volume and dimension on mechanical, thermal, and water absorption behaviour of luffa reinforced epoxy composites. Mater Design 2015; 66: 321–330.

23.

Treinyte

Grazuleviciene

Ostrauskaite

. Biodegradable polymer composites with nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing waste materials as the fillers. Ecol Chem Eng S 2014; 21: 515–528.

24.

Vashishtha

Dongara

Singh

. Improvement in properties of urea by phosphogypsum Coating. Int J ChemTech Res 2010; 2: 36–44.

25.

Tomaszewska

Jarosiewicz

Karakulski

. Physical and chemical characteristics of polymer coatings in CRF formulation. Desalination 2002; 146: 319–323.

26.

Han

Chen

. Controlled-release fertilizer encapsulated by starch/polyvinyl alcohol coating. Desalination 2009; 240: 21–26.

27.

Leblanc

. Rubber-filler interactions and rheological properties in filled compounds. Prog Polym Sci 2002; 27: 627–687.

28.

Frohlich

Niedermeier

Luginsland

. The effect of filler-filler and filler-elastomer interaction on rubber reinforcement. Compos A 2005; 36: 449–460.

29.

Kasirajan

Ngouajio

. Polyethylene and biodegradable mulches for agricultural applications: a review. Agron Sustain Dev 2012; 32: 501–529.

30.

Riande

Diaz-Calleja

Prolongo

et al.

Polymer viscoelasticity. Stress and strain in practice, New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000.

31.

Zenkiewicz

. Comparative study on the surface free energy of a solid calculated by different methods. Polym Test 2007; 26: 14–19.

32.

Neumann

. Equation of state for interfacial tensions of solid-liquid systems. Adv Coll Interf Sci 1992; 39: 299–345.

33.

Moy

Neumann

. Solid/liquid interfacial tensions from contact angle data and direct force measurements. J Coll Interf Sci 1987; 119: 296–297.

34.

Kaelble

. Dispersion-polar surface tension properties of organic solids. J Adhesion 1970; 2: 66–81.

35.

Owens

Wendt

. Estimation of the surface free energy of polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 1969; 13: 1741–1747.

36.

Rabel

. Einige aspekte der benetzungstheorie und ihre anwendung auf die untersuchung und veränderung der oberflächeneigenschaften von polymeren. Farbe Lack 1971; 77: 997–1005.

37.

International Standard ISO 846:1997. Plastics – Evaluation of the action of microorganisms.

38.

Chandra

Rustgi

. Biodegradable polymers. Prog Polym Sci 1998; 23: 1273–1335.

39.

Chevigny

Jouault

Dalmas

. Tuning the mechanical properties in model nanocomposites: influence of the polymer-filler interfacial interactions. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 2011; 49: 781–791.

40.

Fernandes

Andrade

DEV

Franco

et al.

Correlation between the gel–liquid transition stress and the storage modulus of an oil-based drilling fluid. J Nonnewton Fluid Mech 2016; 231: 6–10.

41.

Robertson

Lin

Rackaitis

et al.

Influence of particle size and polymer-filler coupling on viscoelastic glass transition of particle-reinforced polymers. Macromolecules 2008; 41: 2727–2731.

42.

Qin

et al.

Preparation and characteristics of biodegradable mulching films based on fermentation industry wastes. Int Biodeter Biodegr 2016; 111: 54–61.

43.

Cinelli

Chiellini

Imam

. Hybrid composite based on poly(vinyl alcohol) and fillers from renewable resources. J Appl Pol Sci 2008; 109: 1684–1691.

44.

Kaldmäe

Leming

Kass

. Chemical composition and nutritional value of heat-treated and cold-pressed rapeseed cake. Vet Med Zoot 2010; 49: 55–60.

45.

Azabou

Mechichi

Sayadi

. Sulfate reduction from phosphogypsum using a mixed culture of sulfate reducing bacteria. Int Biodeter Biodegr 2005; 56: 236–242.

46.

Wolicka

. Biotransformation of phosphogypsum in wastewaters from the dairy industry. Bioresour Technol 2008; 99: 5666–5672.

47.

Kumar

Rajendra

. Mechanical and thermal properties of horn fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. Proc Eng 2014; 97: 648–659.