Preliminary investigation on development of functionally graded cemented tungsten carbide with solid lubricant via ball milling and spark plasma sintering
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online May, 2018
Preliminary investigation on development of functionally graded cemented tungsten carbide with solid lubricant via ball milling and spark plasma sintering
Functionally graded cemented tungsten carbide belongs to a hybrid Functionally Graded Materials family. However synthesis of functionally graded cemented tungsten carbide is a great challenge due to possibility of “Co migration” and CaF2 vaporization during liquid phase sintering. Hence the present work deals with the development of nanocrystalline materials using ball milling and consolidation of milled material by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) for the preparation of functionally graded cemented tungsten carbide. The effects of ball milling and contents of Co, CaF2 and WC on WC/Co/CaF2 powder mixture were analyzed. Grain morphology, particle size, micro-strain, crystallite size, etc. of milled samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and X-Ray diffraction techniques. In addition to that, density, microstructure, hardness, fracture toughness and residual stress of consolidated sample are also reported. These tests confirm the formation of nanocrystalline particles and sub-sequent consolidation of functionally graded cemented tungsten carbide with solid lubricant. Hence ball milling with SPS is a prominent and viable process combination for the preparation of functionally graded cemented tungsten carbide.
MehraliMShirazi FSMehraliMet al.Dental implants from functionally graded materials. J Biomed Mater Res A2013; 101: 3046–3057.
2.
MullerEDrasarESchilzCet al.Functionally graded materials for sensor and energy applications. Mater Sci Eng2003; A362: 17–39.
3.
ZhangLWSongZGLiewKM. Optimal shape control of CNT reinforced functionally graded composite plates using piezoelectric patches. Compos Part B2016; 85: 140–149.
4.
XingAJunZChuanzhenHet al.Development of an advanced ceramic tool material—functionally gradient cutting ceramics. Mater Sci Eng A1998; 248: 125–131.
5.
GuptaATalhaM. Recent development in modeling and analysis of functionally graded materials and structures. Progr Aerosp Sci2015; 79: 1–14.
6.
WangXHwangKSKoopmanMet al.Mechanical properties and wear resistance of functionally graded WC-Co. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater2013; 36: 46–51.
7.
XuCHWuGYXiaoGCet al.Al2O3/(W,Ti)C/CaF2 multi-component graded self-lubricating ceramic cutting tool material. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater2014; 45: 125–129.
8.
OshkourAPramanikAMehraliSet al.Mechanical and physical behavior of newly developed functionally graded materials and composites of stainless steel 316L with calcium silicate and hydroxyapatite. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater2015; 49: 321–331.
9.
MehraliMWakilyHMetselaarIHSC. Residual stress and mechanical properties of Al2O3/ZrO2 functionally graded material prepared by EPD from 2-butanone based suspension. Adv Appl Ceram2011; 110: 35–40.
10.
PariharRSSettiSGSahuRK. Recent advances in the manufacturing processes of functionally graded materials: a review. Sci Eng Compos Mater2016. DOI: 10.1515/secm-2015-0395.
11.
EsoOFangZGriffoA. Liquid phase sintering of functionally graded WC–Co composites. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater2005; 23: 233–241.
12.
YaoXFXiongTCXuWet al.Experimental investigations on deformation and fracture behavior of glass sphere filled epoxy functionally graded materials. Appl Compos Mater2006; 13: 407–420.
13.
KonyashinIRiesBLachmannFet al.Gradient WC-Co hardmetals: theory and practice. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater2013; 36: 10–12.
14.
FanPGuoJFangZZet al.Design of cobalt gradient via controlling carbon content and WC grain size in liquid-phase-sintered WC-Co composite. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater2009; 27: 256–260.
15.
MuthurajaASenthilvelanS. Development of tungsten carbide based self lubricant cutting tool material: preliminary investigation. Int J Refract Metals Hard Mater2015; 48: 89–96.
16.
SuWHuangZRenXet al.Investigation on morphology evolution of coarse grained WC-6Co cemented carbides fabricated by ball milling route and hydrogen reduction route. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater2016; 56: 110–117.
17.
ErikssonMRadwanMShenZ. Spark plasma sintering of WC, cemented carbide and functional graded materials, RMHM. Int J Refract Metal Hard Mater2013; 36: 31–37.
18.
UpadhyayaAUpadhyayaGS. Powder metallurgy science, technology and materials, India: University Press, 2014. .
19.
ChaSIHongSHKimBK. Spark plasma sintering beha v ior of nanocrystalline WC-10Co cemented carbide powders2003; 351: 31–38.
20.
Al-AqeeliNAbdullahiKHakeemASet al.Synthesis, characterisation and mechanical properties of SiC reinforced Al based nanocomposites processed by MA and SPS. Powder Metall2013; 56: 149–157.
21.
ZhangFLWangCYZhuM. Nanostructured WC/Co composite powder prepared by high energy ball milling. Scr Mater2003; 49: 1123–1128.
22.
RaihanuzzamanRMJeongTSGhomashchiRet al.Characterization of shortduration high-energy ball milled WC–Co powders and subsequent consolidations. J Alloys Compd2014; 615: S564–S568.
23.
Lun FengLLeeS-HKimH-N. Effects of high-energy ball milling and reactive spark plasma sintering on the densification of HfC-SiC composites. J Eur Ceram Soc2016; 37: 1891–1898.
24.
HewittSAKibbleKA. Effects of ball milling time on the synthesis and consolidation of nanostructured WC-Co composites. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater2009; 27: 937–948.
25.
SunLChangJIAGuangCet al.VC addition prepared ultrafine WC-11Co composites by spark plasma sintering. J Iron Steel Res Int2007; 14: 85–89.
26.
RajkovicVRomhanjiEMitkovM. Characterization of high-energy ball milled prealloyed copper powder containing 2.5 wt% Al. J Mater Sci Lett2002; 21: 169–173. .
27.
AnstisGRChantikulPLawnBRet al.A critical evaluation of indentation techniques for measuring fracture toughness: I, Direct crack measurements. J Am Ceram Soc1981; 64: 533–538.
28.
AskariEMehraliMMetselaarIHSCet al.Fabrication and mechanical properties of Al2O3/SiC/ZrO2 functionally graded material by electrophoretic deposition. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater2012; 12: 144–150.
29.
SahuRKPatraK. Rate-dependent mechanical behavior of VHB 4910 elastomer. Mech Adv Mater Struct2016; 23: 170–179.
30.
HewittSALaouiTKibbleKK. Effect of milling temperature on the synthesis and consolidation of nanocomposite WC-10Co powders. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater2009; 27: 66–73.
31.
EnayatiMHAryanpourGREbnonnasirA. Production of nanostructured WC-Co powder by ball milling. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater2009; 27: 159–163.
32.
ArifTMSahebN. Characterization of Ball Milled Ni–Al2O3 nanocomposite powders. Powder Metal Met Ceram2015; 53: 541–548.
33.
AlijaniFAminiRGhaffariMet al.Effect of milling time on the structure, micro-hardness, and thermal behavior of amorphous/nanocrystalline TiNiCu shape memory alloys developed by mechanical alloying. Mater Des2014; 55: 373–380.
