The following paper presents the results of research on cement composites with expanded graphite as resistance heating elements. Samples of cement mortar were prepared with expanded graphite obtained from intercalated graphite by means of rapid heating at 1000℃. Monotonic and cyclic self-heating tests of cement composites with differing contents of expanded graphite were conducted. In the monotonic self-heating test, the electrical current and the surface temperature of the cement composites with expanded graphite were measured at temperatures 23℃ and –10℃ in order to evaluate their capacity to generate heat. The maximum temperature of composites, the time required to raise the temperature by 10℃, and the power density were determined. Five cycles were applied in the cyclic self-heating test to investigate heat-dependent mechanical properties. The results of the research revealed that cement composites with expanded graphite exhibited promising properties for application as resistance heating elements.
GalaoOBañónLBaezaFJ, et al.Highly conductive carbon fiber reinforced concrete for icing prevention and curing. Materials (Basel)2016; 9: 1–14.
2.
HambachMMöllerHNeumannT, et al.Carbon fibre reinforced cement-based composites as smart floor heating materials. Compos Part B Eng2016; 90: 465–470.
3.
MalekiPIranpourBShafabakhshG. Investigation of de-icing of roads with conductive concrete pavement containing carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP). Int J Pavement Eng2019; 20: 682–690.
4.
MingqingSZhuoqiuLQizhaoM, et al.A study on thermal self-monitoring of carbon fiber reinforced concrete. Cem Concr Res1999; 29: 769–771.
5.
MohammedAGOzgurGSevkatE. Electrical resistance heating for deicing and snow melting applications: Experimental study. Cold Reg Sci Technol2019; 160: 128–138.
6.
SassaniAArabzadehACeylanH, et al.Carbon fiber-based electrically conductive concrete for salt-free deicing of pavements. J Clean Prod2018; 203: 799–809.
7.
ŚlosarczykAPichórWFrącM. Thermal and electrical characterization of the carbon nanofibers based cement composites. Mater Sci2017; 23: 156–160.
8.
TangZLiZQianJ, et al.Experimental study on deicing performance of carbon fiber reinforced conductive concrete. J Mater Sci Technol2005; 21: 113–117.
9.
WangHGaoXLiuJ, et al.Multi-functional properties of carbon nanofiber reinforced reactive powder concrete. Constr Build Mater2018; 187: 699–707.
10.
WangSWenSChungDDL. Resistance heating using electrically conductive cements. Adv Cem Res2004; 16: 161–166.
11.
WenSChungDDL. Electrical-resistance-based damage self-sensing in carbon fiber reinforced cement. Carbon N Y2007; 45: 710–716.
12.
WangZWangZNingM, et al.Electro-thermal properties and Seebeck effect of conductive mortar and its use in self-heating and self-sensing system. Ceram Int2017; 43: 8685–8693.
13.
SassaniACeylanHKimS, et al.Development of carbon fiber-modified electrically conductive concrete for implementation in Des Moines International Airport. Case Stud Constr Mater2018; 8: 277–291.
14.
LiuYWangMWangW. Ohmic heating curing of electrically conductive carbon nanofiber/cement-based composites to avoid frost damage under severely low temperature. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2018; 115: 236–246.
15.
LiuYWangMTianW, et al.Ohmic heating curing of carbon fiber/carbon nanofiber synergistically strengthening cement-based composites as repair/reinforcement materials used in ultra-low temperature environment. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2019; 125: 1–10.
16.
KimGMNaeemFKimHK, et al.Heating and heat-dependent mechanical characteristics of CNT-embedded cementitious composites. Compos Struct2016; 136: 162–170.
17.
Zhang Q and Li H. Experimental investigation of road snow-melting based on CNFP self-heating concrete. In: Proceedings of SPIE – the international society for optical engineering, behavior and mechanics of multifunctional materials and composites, San Diego, US, 6–10 March 2011, pp. 1–15.
18.
Chen W and Gao P. Performances of electrically conductive concrete with layered stainless steel fibers. In: Second international conference on sustainable construction materials: design, performance, and application, Wuhan, China, 18–22 October 2012, pp.163–171.
YehiaSTuanCY. Conductive concrete overlay for bridge deck deicing. ACI Mater J1999; 96: 382–390.
21.
GomisJGalaoOGomisV, et al.Self-heating and deicing conductive cement. Experimental study and modeling. Constr Build Mater2015; 75: 442–449.
22.
MingqingSXinyingMXiaoyingW, et al.Experimental studies on the indoor electrical floor heating system with carbon black mortar slabs. Energy Build2008; 40: 1094–1100.
23.
TuanCYYehiaS. Evaluation of electrically conductive concrete containing carbon products for deicing. ACI Mater J2004; 101: 287–293.
24.
ArmooshSROltuluM. Self-heating of electrically conductive metal-cementitious composites. J Intell Mater Syst Struct2019; 30: 2234–2240.
HongLZhaoY. The electrical properties and snow melting of graphite slurry infiltrated steel fiber concrete. J Wuhan Univ Technol Sci Ed2010; 25: 609–612.
27.
RaoRFuJChanY, et al.Steel fiber confined graphite concrete for pavement deicing. Compos Part B Eng2018; 155: 187–196.
28.
RaoRWangHWangH, et al.Models for estimating the thermal properties of electric heating concrete containing steel fiber and graphite. Compos Part B Eng2019; 164: 116–120.
29.
ArabzadehASassaniACeylanH, et al.Comparison between cement paste and asphalt mastic modified by carbonaceous materials: Electrical and thermal properties. Constr Build Mater2019; 213: 121–130.
30.
ChenPHChungDDL. Comparative evaluation of cement-matrix composites with distributed versus networked exfoliated graphite. Carbon N Y2013; 63: 446–453.
31.
PichórWSłomkaJ. The properties of cement composites with expanded graphite. Cement Wapno Beton2011; 4: 210–214.
32.
PichórWFracM. Electric and thermoelectric properties of cement composites with expanded graphite. Brittle Matrix Compos2012; 10: 43–50.
33.
WeiJZhaoLZhangQ, et al.Enhanced thermoelectric properties of cement-based composites with expanded graphite for climate adaptation and large-scale energy harvesting. Energy Build2018; 159: 66–74.
34.
WeiJZhangQZhaoL, et al.Effect of moisture on the thermoelectric properties in expanded graphite/carbon fiber cement composites. Ceram Int2017; 43: 10763–10769.
35.
PichórWFrącM. Multifunctional cement composites with expanded graphite for temperature monitoring of buildings. Adv Cem Res. Epub ahead of print 5 April 2019. DOI: 10.1680/jadcr.18.00034.
36.
PichórWFrącM. Thermoelectric properties of expanded graphite as filler of multifunctional cement composites. Compos Theory Pract2012; 12: 205–209.
