This study reveals the nano-hybridization effects of nano-graphene platelets (NGPs) and nano-silica (SiO2 nanoparticle), having different structural geometries on the mechanical properties, nano and micro-scale failure behaviors, and nanoscale fracture mechanisms of E-glass/epoxy composites. Tensile, three-point bending, and Charpy impact experiments were applied to determine the mechanical behaviors of 0.5 wt.% NGPs, 4 wt.% nano-silica and 0.5 wt.% NGPs + 4 wt.% nano-silica nanohybrid filled E-glass/epoxy and neat E-glass/epoxy composite samples. Failure of composite samples was examined by microscopy and SEM analysis. FTIR analyses were conducted to interpret the chemical and physical interactions between the nanoparticles and epoxy resin. Nano-hybridization exhibited the highest tensile strength and three-point flexural force for the composite samples. However, the NGPs filled nanocomposites also exhibited the best static tensile toughness and impact energy absorption. The experimental data showed that it was statistically significant as a result of the one-way ANOVA analysis. Remarkably, nano-hybridization of nano-silica and NGPs showed different fracture mechanisms at the nano and micro-scales.
ErkliğADoğanNFBulutM. Charpy impact response of glass fiber reinforced composite with nano graphene enhanced epoxy. Periodicals Eng Nat Sci (Pen)2017; 5: 341–346.
2.
UmerRLiYDongY, et al.The effect of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles on the processing of epoxy/glass fiber composites using resin infusion. Int J Adv Manufact Tech2015; 81: 2183–2192.
3.
AshoriAGhiyasiMFallahA. Glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composite with surface-modified graphene oxide: enhancement of interlaminar fracture toughness and thermo-mechanical performance. Polym Bull2019; 76: 259–270.
4.
BozkurtÖYÖzbekÖAbdoAR. The effects of nanosilica on charpy impact behavior of glass/epoxy fiber reinforced composite laminates. Periodicals Eng Nat Sci2017; 5: 322–327.
5.
WithersGYuYKhabasheskuV, et al.Improved mechanical properties of an epoxy glass-fiber composite reinforced with surface organomodified nanoclays. Compo B: Eng2015; 72: 175–182.
6.
KarnatiSRAgboPZhangL. Applications of silica nanoparticles in glass/carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy nanocomposite. Composites Commun2020; 17: 32–41.
7.
MontiMNataliMPetrucciR, et al.Carbon nanofibers for strain and impact damage sensing in glass fiber reinforced composites based on an unsaturated polyester resin. Polym Composites2011; 32: 766–775.
8.
AfrouzianAMovahhedi AleniHLiaghatG, et al.Effect of nano-particles on the tensile, flexural and perforation properties of the glass/epoxy composites. J Reinfo Plast Compo2017; 36: 900–916.
9.
JayabalakrishnanDSaravananKRaviS, et al.Fabrication and characterization of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber and stitched E-glass fibre tailored nano-silica epoxy resin composite. Silicon2020; 13: 1–9.
10.
Eslami-FarsaniRKhosraviH. On the flexural properties of multiscale nanosilica/E-glass/epoxy anisogrid-stiffened composite panels. J Comput Appl Res Mech Eng (Jcarme)2017; 7: 99–108.
11.
ÖzbekÖ. Axial and lateral buckling analysis of kevlar/epoxy fiber‐reinforced composite laminates incorporating silica nanoparticles. Polym Composites2020; 42: 1109–1122.
12.
WangZLiuFLiangW, et al.Nanoscale analysis of tensile properties and fracture of nanoreinforced epoxy polymer using micromechanics. J Reinfo Plast Compo2013; 32: 1224–1233.
13.
TzetzisDMansourG. Nanoindentation, compression and fractural characterization of highly dispersed epoxy silica nanocomposites. J Reinfo Plast Compo2016; 35: 541–555.
14.
ChristyAPurohitRRanaR, et al.Development and analysis of epoxy/nano SiO2 polymer matrix composite fabricated by ultrasonic vibration assisted processing. Mater Today Proc2017; 4: 2748–2754.
15.
KostagiannakopoulouCLoutasTSotiriadisG, et al.On the interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber composites enhanced with graphene nano-species. Composites Sci Tech2015; 118: 217–225.
16.
YaoXGaoXJiangJ, et al.Comparison of carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide coated carbon fiber for improving the interfacial properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites. Compo Part B: Eng2018; 132: 170–177.
17.
LiYWangSWangQ, et al.A comparison study on mechanical properties of polymer composites reinforced by carbon nanotubes and graphene sheet. Compo Part B: Eng2018; 133: 35–41.
18.
BansalDPillaySVaidyaU. Processing and characterization of nanographene platelets modified phenolic resin as a precursor to carbon/carbon composites (part II). J Reinfo Plast Compo2013; 32: 955–963.
19.
ShokriehMMRafieeR. Investigation of nanotube length effect on the reinforcement efficiency in carbon nanotube based composites. Compos Structures2010; 92: 2415–2420.
20.
BulutM. Mechanical characterization of basalt/epoxy composite laminates containing graphene nanopellets. Compo Part B: Eng2017; 122: 71–78.
21.
DemirciMTTarakçıoğluNAvcıA, et al.Fracture toughness (Mode I) characterization of SiO 2 nanoparticle filled basalt/epoxy filament wound composite ring with split-disk test method. Compo Part B: Eng2017; 119: 114–124.
DemirciİAvcıADemirciMT. Investigation of nano-hybridization effects on low velocity impact behaviors of basalt fiber reinforced composites. J Compos Mater2020; 5: 401–414.
24.
KumarALiSRoyS, et al.Fracture properties of nanographene reinforced EPON 862 thermoset polymer system. Compo Sci Tech2015; 114: 87–93.
25.
HuangCFuSZhangY, et al.Cryogenic properties of SiO2/epoxy nanocomposites. Cryogenics2005; 45: 450–454.
26.
PhonthammachaiNChiaHHeC. One-step synthesis of oval shaped silica/epoxy nanocomposite: process, formation mechanism and properties. In: The Delivery of Nanoparticles. London, UK: IntechOpen, 2012.
27.
AydoğuşO. Investigation of mechanical behavours of nanographene/silica filled hybride composites. In: MSc Thesis in Metalurgical and Materials Engineering. Konya, Turkey: The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science of Selçuk University, 2019, p. 73.
28.
KostagiannakopoulouCTsilimigkraXSotiriadisG, et al.Synergy effect of carbon nano-fillers on the fracture toughness of structural composites. Compo Part B: Eng2017; 129: 18–25.
LuNSwanRHJrFergusonI. Composition, structure, and mechanical properties of hemp fiber reinforced composite with recycled high-density polyethylene matrix. J Compos Mater2012; 46: 1915–1924.
31.
SuF-HZhangZ-ZLiuW-M. Tribological and mechanical properties of nomex fabric composites filled with polyfluo 150 wax and nano-SiO2. Compo Sci Tech2007; 67: 102–110.
32.
YuZQYouSLBaierH. Effect of organosilane coupling agents on microstructure and properties of nanosilica/epoxy composites. Polym Compo2012; 33: 1516–1524.
33.
AydoğuşODemirciMT. Investigation of fracture surfaces and tensile strengths of nanosilica filled glass/epoxy composites. J Selcuk-Technic2019; 18: 152–163.
34.
ASTM D3039/D3039M-08. Standard test method for tensile properties of polymer matrix composite materials. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2008.
35.
ASTM D7264/D7264M-21. Standard test method for flexural properties of polymer matrix composite materials. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2021.
36.
ISO 179-1:2010. Plastics—determination of charpy impact properties—part 1: non-instrumented impact test, 2010, p. 22.
37.
CholakeSTMadaMRRamanRS, et al.Quantitative analysis of curing mechanisms of epoxy resin by mid-and near-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Defence Sci J2014; 64: 314–321.
38.
GonzálezMGCabanelasJCBaselgaJ. Applications of FTIR on epoxy resins-identification, monitoring the curing process, phase separation and water uptake. Infrared Spectro-Mat Sci Eng Tech2012; 2: 261–284.
39.
MadhupMShahNWadhwaniP. Investigation of surface morphology, anti-corrosive and abrasion resistance properties of nickel oxide epoxy nanocomposite (NiO-ENC) coating on mild steel substrate. Prog Org Coat2015; 80: 1–10.
40.
YazmanŞUyanerMKarabörkF, et al.Effects of nano reinforcing/matrix interaction on chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites. J Compos Mater2021; 55: 4257–4272.
41.
JudawisastraHSitohangRMartaL. Water absorption and its effect on the tensile properties of tapioca starch/polyvinyl alcohol bioplastics. In: IOP conference series: materials science and engineering, 223Bristol, UK: IOP Publishing, 2017, p. 012066.
42.
SinghANDevnaniHJhaS, et al.Fermi level equilibration of ag and au plasmonic metal nanoparticles supported on graphene oxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys2018; 20: 26719–26733.
43.
Ramírez-HerreraCACruz-CruzIJiménez-CedeñoIH, et al.Influence of the epoxy resin process parameters on the mechanical properties of produced bidirectional [±45°] carbon/epoxy woven composites. Polymers2021; 13: 1273.
44.
ChennareddyRTuwairHKandilUF, et al.UV-resistant GFRP composite using carbon nanotubes. Construct Build Mater2019; 220: 679–689.
45.
VemugantiSChennareddyRRiadA, et al.Pultruded GFRP reinforcing bars using nanomodified vinyl ester. Materials2020; 13: 5710.
46.
DefeytCLangenbacherJRivencR. Polyurethane coatings used in twentieth century outdoor painted sculptures. Part I: comparative study of various systems by means of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Heritage Sci2017; 5: 1–11.
47.
GaoDChangRLyuB, et al.Preparation of epoxy-acrylate copolymer/nano-silica via pickering emulsion polymerization and its application as printing binder. Appl Surf Sci2018; 435: 195–202.
48.
PremaratneWPriyadarshanaWGunawardenaS, et al.Synthesis of nanosilica from paddy husk ash and their surface functionalization. J Sci Univ Kelaniya2013; 8: 33–48.
49.
PengZKongLXLiS-D, et al.Self-assembled natural rubber/silica nanocomposites: its preparation and characterization. Compo Sci Tech2007; 67: 3130–3139.
50.
KhobragadePSHansoraDPNaikJB, et al.Physico-mechanical properties of nano-polystyrene-decorated graphene oxide-epoxy composites. Polym Intern2017; 66: 1402–1409.
51.
BarlettaMVescoSPuopoloM, et al.Graphene reinforced UV-curable epoxy resins: design, manufacture and material performance. Prog Org Coat2016; 90: 414–424.
52.
DhokeSKKhannaASinhaTJM. Effect of nano-ZnO particles on the corrosion behavior of alkyd-based waterborne coatings. Prog Org Coat2009; 64: 371–382.
53.
RajabiLMarzbanMDerakhshanAA. Epoxy/alumoxane and epoxy/boehmite nanocomposites: cure behavior, thermal stability, hardness and fracture surface morphology. Iranian Polym J2014; 23: 203–215.
54.
AydoğuşODemirciM.T. Grafen nanoplaka katkılı cam Elyaf takviyeli kompozitlerin charpy darbe davranışlarının incelenmesi. Abstract Book ed. Alanya/Turkey: V Science, Technology & Innovation Congress (INES 2019-Abstract Book): 2019, p. 55.
55.
SapuanSLeenieAHarimiM, et al.Mechanical properties of woven banana fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Mater Des2006; 27: 689–693.
56.
NeşeliSYaldızSTürkeşE. Optimization of tool geometry parameters for turning operations based on the response surface methodology. Measurement2011; 44: 580–587.
57.
GrandiniSGoracciCMonticelliF, et al.Fatigue resistance and structural characteristics of fiber posts: three-point bending test and SEM evaluation. Dental Mater2005; 21: 75–82.
58.
BagheriZSEl SawiISchemitschEH, et al.Biomechanical properties of an advanced new carbon/flax/epoxy composite material for bone plate applications. J Mech Behavior Biomed Mat2013; 20: 398–406.
59.
PrustyRKGhoshSKRathoreDK, et al.Reinforcement effect of graphene oxide in glass fibre/epoxy composites at in-situ elevated temperature environments: an emphasis on graphene oxide content. Compo A: Appl Sci Manufact2017; 95: 40–53.
60.
LiGWangTZhuY, et al.Preparation and photoelectrochemical performance of Ag/graphene/TiO2 composite film. Appl Surf Sci2011; 257: 6568–6572.
61.
ZhengYChonungKWangG, et al.Epoxy/nano‐silica composites: curing kinetics, glass transition temperatures, dielectric, and thermal–mechanical performances. J Appl Polym Sci2009; 111: 917–927.
62.
ChandrasekaranSSatoNTölleF, et al.Fracture toughness and failure mechanism of graphene based epoxy composites. Compo Sci Tech2014; 97: 90–99.
63.
HungP-yLauK-tFoxB, et al.Effect of graphene oxide concentration on the flexural properties of CFRP at low temperature. Carbon2019; 152: 556–564.
64.
DengSYeLFriedrichK. Fracture behaviours of epoxy nanocomposites with nano-silica at low and elevated temperatures. J Mat Sci2007; 42: 2766–2774.
65.
HanJChoK. Nanoparticle-induced enhancement in fracture toughness of highly loaded epoxy composites over a wide temperature range. J Mat Sci2006; 41: 4239–4245.
