A detailed analysis of the rubber composites is necessary for the designing and fabrication of advanced rubber products. In this study, composite materials are synthesized by adding different nanofillers of carbon black nanoparticles into epoxidized natural rubber (ENR). The specific characteristics of carbon black (CB) affect the crosslinking density between CB and polymeric chains in ENR. The effects of particle size, structure, thermal conductivity, and functionality of CB on rheology and mechanical properties of filled reinforced ENR are examined. The composite materials are thoroughly characterized for their abrasion, rheology, tensile, hardness, elongation, resilience, and compression behavior. The results revealed that various properties of composite materials depend on the characteristics of the reinforcing CB fillers. It was found that lower particle size and ordered structure provide good tensile strength, tear strength, abrasion, and aging resistance. In contrast, larger particle size and a lower ordered structure provide high flow rate, low hardness, excellent re-bounce, and good compression set characteristics.
YangDYuLAiJ, et al.Enhanced thermal conductivity of carboxyl nitrile butadiene rubber composites with low-cost poly(catechol/polyamine) modified Al2O3 via biomimetic method. Compos Commun2021; 23: 100565.
2.
VotarikariNKGugulothuSK. Influence of nanofluid in thermal and mechanical properties of NR alumina polymer nanocomposites. Compos C Open Access2021; 4: 100094.
3.
WititanapanitJCarvajal-MunozJSAireyG. Performance-related and rheological characterisation of natural rubber modified bitumen. Constr Build Mater2021; 268: 121058.
4.
LiYHanBWenS, et al.Effect of the temperature on surface modification of silica and properties of modified silica filled rubber composites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf2014; 62: 52–59.
5.
StöckelhuberKWSvistkovASPelevinAG, et al.Impact of filler surface modification on large scale mechanics of styrene butadiene/silica rubber composites. Macromolecules2011; 44: 4366–4381.
6.
KaliyathanAVRaneAVHuskicM, et al.Influence of carbon black on cure properties and mechanical strength of natural rubber/butadiene rubber blends. J Macromol Sci A Pure Appl Chem2020; 58: 69–80.
7.
SzadkowskiBMarzecAZaborskiM. Effect of different carbon fillers on the properties of nitrile rubber composites. Compos Interfaces2019; 26: 729–750.
8.
ShiXSunSZhaoA, et al.Influence of carbon black on the Payne effect of filled natural rubber compounds. Compos Sci Technol2021; 203: 108586.
9.
FanYFowlerGDZhaoM. The past, present and future of carbon black as a rubber reinforcing filler – A review. J Clean Prod2020; 247: 119115.
10.
Kyei-ManuWAHerdCRChowdhuryM, et al.The influence of colloidal properties of carbon black on static and dynamic mechanical properties of natural rubber. Polymers (Basel)2022; 14: 1194.
11.
HayichelaehCBoonkerdK. Enhancement of the properties of carbon-black-filled natural rubber compounds containing soybean oil cured with peroxide through the addition of coagents. Ind Crops Prod2022; 187: 115306.
12.
BurgazEGencogluOGoksuzogluM. Carbon black reinforced natural rubber/butadiene rubber and natural rubber/butadiene rubber/styrene-butadiene rubber composites: part I: rheological, mechanical and thermomechanical properties. Res Eng Struct Mater2019; 5(3): 233–247.
13.
GaoXYangWWangC, et al.Study on properties of carbon-coated silica prepared by polymer pyrolysis reinforced rubber composites. Polym Test2022; 110: 107583.
14.
HeinrichGKlüppelMVilgisTA. Reinforcement of elastomers. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci2002; 6: 195–203.
15.
WangGYuQHuY, et al.Influence of the filler dimensionality on the electrical, mechanical and electromagnetic shielding properties of isoprene rubber-based flexible conductive composites. Compos Commun2020; 21: 100417.
16.
LiuJWuCZhangP, et al.Effects of cyclohexylamine modified silica on the mechanical properties of filled natural rubber. J Macromol Sci B Phys2008; 47: 689–700.
17.
YangZPengHWangW, et al.Crystallization behavior of poly(ε-caprolactone)/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites. Appl Polym Sci2010; 116: 2658–2667.
18.
HeinrichGVilgisTA. Contribution of entanglements to the mechanical properties of carbon black-filled polymer networks. Macromolecules1993; 26: 1109–1119.
19.
DongBZhangLWuY. Influences of different dimensional carbon-based nanofillers on fracture and fatigue resistance of natural rubber composites. Polym Test2017; 63: 281–288.
20.
ChenYWangLWuZ, et al.Super-hydrophobic, durable and cost-effective carbon black/rubber composites for high performance strain sensors. Compos B Eng2019; 176: 107358.
21.
ParameswaranSKBhattacharyaSMukhopadhyayR, et al.Excavating the unique synergism of nanofibers and carbon black in Natural rubber based tire tread composition. Appl Polym Sci2021; 138: 49682.
MatchawetSKaesamanABomlaiP, et al.Effects of multi walled carbon nanotubes and conductive carbon black on electrical, dielectric, and mechanical properties of epoxidized natural rubber composites. Polym Compos2017; 38: 1031–1042.
24.
SalaehSNakasonC. Influence of modified natural rubber and structure of carbon black on properties of natural rubber compounds. Polym Compos2012; 33: 489–500.
25.
MannaAKDePPTripathyDK, et al.Hysteresis and strain-dependent dynamic mechanical properties of epoxidized natural rubber filled with surface-oxidized carbon black. Appl Polym Sci1998; 70: 723–730.
26.
MannaAKDePPTripathyDK, et al.Effect of surface oxidation of carbon black on its bonding with epoxidized natural rubber in the presence of silane coupling agent. Rubber Chem Technol1999; 72: 398–409.
HamzahMNAl-AbadiAA. Effect of carbon black type on the mechanical behaviour of elastomeric material under dynamic loading. AL-Qadisiya Journal For Eng Sci2013; 6: 268.
29.
O’ReillyJMMosherRA. Functional groups in carbon black by FTIR spectroscopy. Carbon N Y1983; 21: 47–51.
30.
LiuXGuoRLiR, et al.Effect of the Processing on the Resistance–Strain Response of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube/Natural Rubber Composites for Use in Large Deformation Sensors. Nanomaterials2021; 11: 1845.
31.
HayeemasaeNWaesatehKSaiwariS, et al.Detailed investigation of the reinforcing effect of halloysite nanotubes-filled epoxidized natural rubber. Polym Bull2021; 78: 7147–7166.
32.
MannaAKDePPTripathyDK, et al.Chemical interaction between surface oxidized carbon black and epoxidized natural rubber. Rubber Chem Technol1997; 70: 624–633.
33.
XuHLiuJFangL, et al.In situ grafting onto silica surface with epoxidized natural rubber via solid state method. Macromol Sci B Phys2007; 46 B: 693–703.
34.
JonesRNHerlincF. Characteristic group frequencies in the infrared spectra of steroids. J Org Chem1954; 19: 1252–1268.
35.
UlfahIMFidyaningsihRRahayuS, et al.Influence of carbon black and silica filler on the rheological and mechanical properties of natural rubber compound. Procedia Chem2015; 16: 258–264.
36.
LeHHIlischSRaduschHJ. Characterization of the effect of the filler dispersion on the stress relaxation behavior of carbon black filled rubber composites. Polymer2009; 50: 2294–2303.
37.
GintingEMBukitNMuliani, et al.Mechanical properties and mophology natural rubber blend with bentonit and carbon black. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng2017; 223: 012003.
38.
BijarimiMHassanZ. The effect of carbon black grades in tyre tread compounds. J Eng Technol2010; 1: 75–84.
39.
Abdul SalimZASHassanAIsmailH. A review on hybrid fillers in rubber composites. Polym Plast Technol Eng2018; 57: 523–539.
40.
Al-nesrawySHMahmoodFFHadiNM. Effect of carbon black particle size on the damping properties of butadiene composites. Chem Pharm Sci2017; 10: 983.
