This study aimed to describe the fabrication of a novel dental composite by surface modification of silica fillers with polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and assess surface coverage of fillers and the effect of different concentration of modified fillers on degree of conversion, flexural strength, polymerization shrinkage, water sorption and solubility, viscosity and thermal expansion of the formulated composites. In this experimental study, aminosilane derivative of PEEK was synthesized and grafted to the silica filler surface, then evaluated using a fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Silica-PEEK fillers were then mixed with Bis-GMA/TEGDMA resin base in 10, 30, and 50 wt%. The most relevant physico-chemical properties were evaluated and compared with a control composite resin group containing conventional 3-(methacryloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (γ-MPS) modified fillers. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test. (α = 5%). The experimental composite with 30% modified fillers showed highest flexural strength and degree of conversion (DC) (p < 0.05), and comparable polymerization shrinkage and viscosity to the control composites (p > 0.05). After thermocycling, the composite with 30% modified fillers showed the lowest solubility and water sorption (p < 0.05). Surface modification of silica fillers with PEEK polymer significantly increases the resistance of the filler–matrix interface to hydrolysis. The above mentioned intervention can improve mechanical properties of the composite and may be considered as a promising protocol to reduce the failure of dental composites.
YadavR. Fabrication, characterization, and optimization selection of ceramic particulate reinforced dental restorative composite materials. Polymers and Polymer Composites, 2022. 30: p. 1–10.
2.
YadavRKumarM. Investigation of the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of nano and microsized particulate-filled dental composite material. J Compos Mater2020; 54(19): 2623–2633.
3.
YadavRMeenaA. Comparative investigation of tribological behavior of hybrid dental restorative composite materials. Ceram Int2022; 48(5): 6698–6706.
SadowskySJ. An overview of treatment considerations for esthetic restorations: a review of the literature. J Prosthet Dent2006; 96(6): 433–442.
6.
MeenaABishtDYadavR, et al.Fabrication and characterization of micro alumina zirconia particulate filled dental restorative composite materials. Polym Compos2022; 43(3): 1526–1535.
7.
KumarSRPatnaikABhatIK, et al.Optimum selection of nano and microsized filler for the best combination of physical, mechanical, and wear properties of dental composites. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications2018; 232(5): 416–428.
8.
SonalSRKPatnaikAAmarP, et al.Effect of adding nanosilica particulate filler on the wear behavior of dental composite. Polym Compos, 2018. 39(S1): p. E332–E341.
9.
KumarSRPatnaikABhatIK. Wear behavior of light-cured dental composite reinforced with silane-treated nanosilica filler. Polym Adv Technol2018; 29(5): 1394–1403.
10.
YadavRLeeHH. Ranking and selection of dental restorative composite materials using FAHP-FTOPSIS technique: an application of multi criteria decision making technique. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater2022; 132: 105298.
11.
DrummondJL. Degradation, fatigue, and failure of resin dental composite materials. J Dent Res2008; 87(8): 710–719.
YeSAzarnoushSSmithIR, et al.Using hyperbranched oligomer functionalized glass fillers to reduce shrinkage stress. Dent Mater2012; 28(9): 1004–1011.
14.
ChungCMKimMSKimJG, et al.Synthesis and photopolymerization of trifunctional methacrylates and their application as dental monomers. J Biomed Mater Res2002; 62(4): 622–627.
15.
ShahPKStansburyJW. Photopolymerization shrinkage-stress reduction in polymer-based dental restoratives by surface modification of fillers. Dent Mater2021; 37(4): 578–587.
16.
LewisSHAppFLamS, et al.Effects of systematically varied thiourethane-functionalized filler concentration on polymerization behavior and relevant clinical properties of dental composites. Mater Des, 2021. 197: p. 109249.
17.
AmdjadiPGhasemiANajafiF, et al.Pivotal role of fller/matrix interface in dental composites: review. Biomed. Res2017; 28: 1054–1065.
18.
ShahPKStansburyJW. Role of filler and functional group conversion in the evolution of properties in polymeric dental restoratives. Dent Mater2014; 30(5): 586–593.
19.
FugolinAPSundfeldDFerracaneJL, et al.Toughening of dental composites with thiourethane-modified filler interfaces. Sci Rep2019; 9(1): 2286.
20.
Diez-PascualAMDiez-VicenteAL. Development of nanocomposites reinforced with carboxylated poly(ether ether ketone) grafted to Zinc oxide with superior antibacterial properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2014. 6(5): p. 3729–3741.
21.
IshidaHKoenigJL. A fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic study of the hydrolytic stability of silane coupling agents on E-glass fibers. J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed, 1980. 18(9): p. 1931–1943.
22.
LeeCKashimaKIchikawaA, et al.Influence of hydrolysis degradation of silane coupling agents on mechanical performance of CAD/CAM resin composites: in silico multi-scale analysis. Dent Mater J2020; 39(5): 803–807.
23.
Szczesio-WlodarczykASokolowskiJKleczewskaJ, et al.Ageing of dental composites based on methacrylate resins-A critical review of the causes and method of assessment. Polymers (Basel)2020; 12(4): 882.
24.
AntonucciJMDickensSHFowlerBO, et al.Chemistry of silanes: interfaces in dental polymers and composites. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol2005; 110(5): 541–558.
25.
NiheiTDabanogluATeranakaT, et al.Three-body-wear resistance of the experimental composites containing filler treated with hydrophobic silane coupling agents. Dent Mater2008; 24(6): 760–764.
26.
KurtzSMDevineJN. PEEK biomaterials in trauma, orthopedic, and spinal implants. Biomaterials2007; 28(32): 4845–4869.
27.
AmdjadiPKhoshrooKSeifiM, et al.Mechanical properties of 3D printed reinforced polycaprolactone composite scaffolds. J. Dent. Sch2020; 38(1): 1–6.
28.
LiHYangJTianF, et al.Study on the microstructure of polyether ether ketone films irradiated with 170 keV protons by grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) technology. Polymers (Basel)2020; 12(11): 2717.
29.
Anguiano-SanchezJMartinezOSillerHR, et al.Influence of PEEK coating on hip implant stress shielding: a finite element analysis. Comput Math Methods Med2016; 2016: 6183679.
30.
CorniINeumannNNovakS, et al.Electrophoretic deposition of PEEK-nano alumina composite coatings on stainless steel. Surf Coat Technol, 2009. 203(10–11): p. 1349–1359.
31.
Díez-PascualAMMartínezGGonzalez-DominguezJM, et al.Grafting of a hydroxylated poly(ether ether ketone) to the surface of single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Mater Chem2010; 20(38): 8285–8296.
32.
Díez-PascualAMMartinezGMartinezMT, et al.Novel nanocomposites reinforced with hydroxylated poly(ether ether ketone)-grafted carbon nanotubes. J Mater Chem, 2010. 20(38): p. 8247–8256.
33.
AmdjadiPNojehdehianHNajafiF, et al.Ultraviolet-induced surface grafting of octafluoropentyl methacrylate on polyether ether ketone for inducing antibiofilm properties. J Biomater Appl2017; 32(1): 3–11.
34.
GuoLSmeetsRKluweL, et al.Cytocompatibility of titanium, zirconia and modified PEEK after surface treatment using UV light or non-thermal plasma. Int J Mol Sci2019. 20, 5596(22).
35.
ShiHSinkeJBenedictusR. Surface modification of PEEK by UV irradiation for direct co-curing with carbon fibre reinforced epoxy prepregs. Int J Adhes Adhes2017; 73: 51–57.
36.
ZhuMLerumMZChenW. How to prepare reproducible, homogeneous, and hydrolytically stable aminosilane-derived layers on silica. Langmuir2012; 28(1): 416–423.
37.
GalvãoMRCaldasSGFRBagnatoVS, et al.Evaluation of degree of conversion and hardness of dental composites photo-activated with different light guide tips. Eur J Dent2013. 7(1): p. 86–93.
KianymaneshNAlaviAAShafighE, et al.The effect of nanoporous fillers and different curing modes on the polymerization shrinkage of an experimental composite. J Dent (Shiraz), 2010.11(3 (28)): p. 183–191.
40.
BacchiAPfeiferCS. Rheological and mechanical properties and interfacial stress development of composite cements modified with thio-urethane oligomers. Dent Mater2016; 32(8): 978–986.
41.
RajanGShouhaPEllakwaA, et al.Evaluation of the physical properties of dental resin composites using optical fiber sensing technology. Dent Mater2016; 32(9): 1113–1123.
42.
SideridouIAchiliasDSKyrikouE. Thermal expansion characteristics of light-cured dental resins and resin composites. Biomaterials2004; 25(15): 3087–3097.
43.
PhotongSBoonamnuayvitayaV. Synthesis of APTMS-functionalized SiO2/TiO2 transparent film using peroxo titanic acid refluxed solution for formaldehyde removal. Water Air Soil Pollut2010; 210: 453–461.
44.
HartwigASebaldMKleemeierM. Cross-linking of cationically polymerised epoxides by nanoparticles. Polymer2005; 46(7): 2029–2039.
45.
SabziMMirabediniSZohuriaan-MehrJ, et al.Surface modification of TiO2 nano-particles with silane coupling agent and investigation of its effect on the properties of polyurethane composite coating. Prog Org Coat, 2009. 65(2): p. 222–228.
46.
DittesAScharfILehmannL, et al.Chemical structure of amino-terminated alkyl silanes influencing the strength of aluminum-polyamide joints. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng2021; 1147(1): 012015.
47.
ShahPK. Investigation and control of filler-matrix interactions applied to dental composites2012, USA, PhD Thesis: University of Colorado.
48.
GoulartMFugolinAPLewisSH, et al.Thiourethane filler functionalization for dental resin composites: concentration-dependent effects on toughening, stress reduction and depth of cure. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl2021; 118: 111535.
49.
LiuDPourrahimiAMOlssonRT, et al.Influence of nanoparticle surface treatment on particle dispersion and interfacial adhesion in low-density polyethylene/aluminium oxide nanocomposites. Eur Polym J2015; 66: 67–77.
50.
RanadeRADingJWunderSL, et al.UHMWPE as interface toughening agent in glass particle filled composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing2006; 37(11): 2017–2028.
FurtosGCosmaVPrejmereanC, et al.Fluoride release from dental resin composites. Materials Science and Engineering: C2005; 25: 231–236.
53.
MortierEGerdolleDAJacquotB, et al.Importance of water sorption and solubility studies for couple bonding agent-resin-based filling material. Oper Dent2004; 29(6): 669–676.
54.
da SilvaEMAlmeidaGSPoskusLT, et al.Relationship between the degree of conversion, solubility and salivary sorption of a hybrid and a nanofilled resin composite. J Appl Oral Sci2008; 16(2): 161–166.
