More than 50% of the flame retardants used in the polymer and plastic industries are metal hydroxides. Among them, aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) is the most widely used due to its low toxicity and corrosiveness and its cost-effectiveness. The use of high-volume ATH in polymers reduces the mechanical properties. In this work, clay nanoparticles were added into epoxy/glass fiber/ATH hybrid composites to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites. The effect of nano-clay content (1, 3, and 5 phr) on mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural strength and modulus, and thermal properties was investigated. Thermal properties were evaluated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The result of mechanical tests showed that adding 3 phr of clay nanoparticles increases tensile and flexural strength by 10% and 9.2%, respectively. The flammability of the composites was measured in horizontal mode. The flammability results revealed that introducing 3 phr of nano-clay improves the flammability of the composites by 41%.
YazdanfarAShahrajabianH. Experimental investigation of multi-wall carbon nanotube added epoxy resin on the EDM performance of epoxy/carbon fiber/MWCNT hybrid composites. Int J Adv Manuf Technol2021; 116(5–6): 1801–1817.
2.
RajakDKPagarDDMenezesPL, et al.Fiber-reinforced polymer composites: manufacturing, properties, and applications. Polymers2019; 11(10): 1667.
3.
QureshiJ. A review of fibre reinforced polymer structures. Fibers2022; 10(3): 27.
4.
FaysalRMBhuiyanMMHMominKA, et al.A review on the advances of the study on FRP-Concrete bond under hygrothermal exposure. Construct Build Mater2023; 363: 129818.
5.
KellerT. Recent all composite and hybrid fibre-reinforced polymer bridges and buildings. Progress Structural Eng Maths2001; 3(2): 132–140.
6.
ZouXFengPWangJ. Perforated FRP ribs for shear connecting of FRP-concrete hybrid beams/decks. Compos Struct2016; 152: 267–276.
ZouXFengPWangJ, et al.FRP stay-in-place form and shear key connection for FRP-concrete hybrid beams/decks. Compos Struct2018; 192: 489–499.
9.
NguyenHMutsuyoshiHZatarW. Push-out tests for shear connections between UHPFRC slabs and FRP girder. Compos Struct2014; 118: 528–547.
10.
GongJZouXXiaP. Experimental investigation of the natural bonding strength between stay-in-place form and concrete in FRP-concrete decks/beams. Appl Sci2019; 9(5): 913.
11.
GemiLMadenciEÖzkılıçYO. Experimental, analytical and numerical investigation of pultruded GFRP composite beams infilled with hybrid FRP reinforced concrete. Eng Struct2021; 244: 112790.
12.
ZhangPHuYPangY, et al.Influence factors analysis of the interfacial bond behavior between GFRP plates, concrete. In Structures. Elsevier, 2020.
13.
LiuTFengPWuY, et al.Developing an innovative curved-pultruded large-scale GFRP arch beam. Compos Struct2021; 256: 113111.
14.
BulgakovBMorozovOSTimoshkinIA, et al.Bisphthalonitrile-based thermosets as heat-resistant matrices for fiber reinforced plastics. Polym Sci Ser C2021; 63: 64–101.
15.
RafiMNadjaiAAliF. Fire resistance of carbon FRP reinforced-concrete beams. Mag Concr Res2007; 59(4): 245–255.
16.
SinghPKSinghPKSharmaA. Flame retardant FRP composites for marine application. Mater Today Proc2021; 45: 2946–2948.
17.
ChenLWangYZ. A review on flame retardant technology in China. Part I: development of flame retardants. Polym Adv Technol2010; 21(1): 1–26.
18.
XiaoJHobsonJGhoshA, et al.Flame retardant properties of metal hydroxide-based polymer composites: a machine learning approach. Compos Commun2023; 40: 101593.
19.
UnluSMDoganSDDoganM. Comparative study of boron compounds and aluminum trihydroxide as flame retardant additives in epoxy resin. Polym Adv Technol2014; 25(8): 769–776.
20.
ChenXJiaoCZhangJ. Thermal and combustion behavior of ethylene‐vinyl acetate/aluminum trihydroxide/Fe‐montmorillonite composites. Polym Eng Sci2012; 52(2): 414–419.
21.
de Freitas RochaMALandesmannAda Silva RibeiroSP, et al.Enhancement of fire retardancy properties of glass fibre–reinforced polyesters composites. Fire Mater2019; 43(6): 734–746.
22.
QiuTGeFLiC, et al.Study of the thermal degradation of flame-retardant polyester GFRP using TGA and TG-FTIR-GC/MS. J Therm Anal Calorim2022; 147: 5743–5760.
23.
ZainudinMDiharjoKKaavessinaM, et al.Industrial implementation of aluminum trihydrate-fiber composition for fire resistance and mechanical properties in glass-fiber-reinforced polymer roofs. Polymers2022; 14(7): 1273.
24.
ChaiGZhuGGaoS, et al.On improving flame retardant and smoke suppression efficiency of epoxy resin doped with aluminum tri-hydroxide. Adv Compos Lett2019; 28: 2633366X1989459.
25.
ScudamoreM. Fire performance studies on glass‐reinforced plastic laminates. Fire Mater1994; 18(5): 313–325.
26.
YossefMChenA. A numerical model to study the effect of alumina tri-hydrate on mechanical properties of fiber reinforced polymers. In: 15th biennial ASCE Conference on Engineering, Science, Construction, and Operations In Challenging Environments. Orlando, FL: American Society of Civil Engineers Reston, 2016.
27.
PetersenMRChenARollM, et al.Mechanical properties of fire-retardant glass fiber-reinforced polymer materials with alumina tri-hydrate filler. Compos B Eng2015; 78: 109–121.
28.
KazemiAShahrajabianHRafieiM. Experimental analysis of effect of TiC+ TiB2 particles on mechanical properties, wear, and erosion behavior of epoxy/glass fiber. J Mater Eng Perform2023; 33: 5948–5962.
29.
DorigatoAMorandiSPegorettiA. Effect of nanoclay addition on the fiber/matrix adhesion in epoxy/glass composites. J Compos Mater2012; 46(12): 1439–1451.
30.
WithersGYuYKhabasheskuV, et al.Improved mechanical properties of an epoxy glass–fiber composite reinforced with surface organomodified nanoclays. Compos B Eng2015; 72: 175–182.
31.
JeyakumarRSampathPSRamamoorthiR, et al.Structural, morphological and mechanical behaviour of glass fibre reinforced epoxy nanoclay composites. Int J Adv Manuf Technol2017; 93: 527–535.
32.
RafiqAMerahNBoukhiliR, et al.Impact resistance of hybrid glass fiber reinforced epoxy/nanoclay composite. Polym Test2017; 57: 1–11.
33.
KhostavanSFazliMAhangariMG, et al.The effect of interaction between nanofillers and epoxy on mechanical and thermal properties of nanocomposites: theoretical prediction and experimental analysis. Adv Polym Technol2019; 2019: 1–10.
34.
AnnappaABasavarajappaSDavimJP. Effect of organoclays on mechanical properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy nanocomposite. Polym Bull2022; 79(7): 5085–5103.
35.
ShahrajabianHHatamiHRafieiM. Improvement of mechanical and wear properties of epoxy/glass fiber/Titanium Carbide+ Titanium diborides hybrid composites by adding clay nanoparticles. J Reinforc Plast Compos2023: 07316844231211677.
36.
ShokriehMMKefayatiARChitsazzadehM. Fabrication and mechanical properties of clay/epoxy nanocomposite and its polymer concrete. Mater Des2012; 40: 443–452.
37.
BozkurtEKayaETanoğluM. Mechanical and thermal behavior of non-crimp glass fiber reinforced layered clay/epoxy nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol2007; 67(15–16): 3394–3403.
38.
NorkhairunnisaMAzharABShyangCW. Effects of organo montmorillonite on the mechanical and morphological properties of epoxy/glass fiber composites. Polym Int2007; 56(4): 512–517.
39.
KarippalJJNarasimha MurthyHRaiK, et al.Study of mechanical properties of epoxy/glass/nanoclay hybrid composites. J Compos Mater2011; 45(18): 1893–1899.
40.
SinghSKSinghSSharmaS, et al.Strength degradation of mechanical properties of unidirectional E-Glass fiber epoxy resin nanoclay composites under hygrothermal loading conditions. Procedia Materials Science2014; 5: 1114–1119.
41.
NguyenTANguyenQTBachTP. Mechanical properties and flame retardancy of epoxy resin/nanoclay/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites. J Chem2019; 2019: 1–9.
42.
SuchitraMRenukappaN. The thermal properties of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites with and without fillers. In: Macromolecular symposia. Wiley Online Library, 2016.
43.
YasminALuoJAbotJ, et al.Mechanical and thermal behavior of clay/epoxy nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol2006; 66(14): 2415–2422.
44.
ChenJ-SPoliksMDOberCK, et al.Study of the interlayer expansion mechanism and thermal–mechanical properties of surface-initiated epoxy nanocomposites. Polymer2002; 43(18): 4895–4904.
