Adhesive joints are widely used in industries such as aerospace and shipbuilding due to their unique mechanical and structural advantages. This study investigates the mechanical performance enhancement of single-lap adhesive joints (SLAJs) through the incorporation of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles into a two-part epoxy adhesive (AD-311). Samples containing 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% GO by weight were prepared, and their tensile and compressive behaviors were evaluated according to ASTM standards. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed improved fracture surface roughness and energy absorption, particularly at 0.3 wt% GO, which exhibited a 35.65% increase in joint failure load. Finite element analysis (FEA), using the Drucker-Prager plasticity model, demonstrated excellent agreement with experimental results, validating the predictive capability of the simulation. The influence of adhesive thickness and bond length was also numerically assessed using FEA, showing that thinner adhesive layers and longer joints enhance load-bearing capacity. Stress and strain distributions further elucidated the positive role of GO in increasing shear and equivalent stress resistance while reducing plastic strain. These findings confirm that optimizing GO concentration significantly improves joint strength and durability, offering promising implications for structural adhesive applications in engineering.
SadighMASMaramiG. Investigating the effects of reduced graphene oxide additive on the tensile strength of adhesively bonded joints at different extension rates. Mater Des2016; 92: 36–43.
2.
JeongKSKimKSKwakYK. Development of the anthropomorphic robot with carbon fiber epoxy composite materials. Compos Struct1993; 25: 313–324.
3.
ÖzerHÖzÖ. The use of the exponential drucker-prager material model for defining the failure loads of the Mono and bi-adhesive joints. Int J Adhesion Adhes2017; 76: 17–29.
4.
ZhaoBLuZ-H. A two-dimensional approach of single-lap adhesive bonded joints. Mech Adv Mater Struct2009; 16: 130–159.
5.
ZhaoBLuZ-HLuY-N. Closed-form solutions for elastic stress–strain analysis in unbalanced adhesive single-lap joints considering adherend deformations and bond thickness. Int J Adhesion Adhes2011; 31: 434–445.
6.
AdamsRDPeppiattNA. Effect of poisson's ratio strains in adherends on stresses of an idealized lap joint. J Strain Anal1973; 8: 134–139.
7.
ReissnerEGolandM. The stress in cemented joints. J Appl Mech1944; 66: A17–A27.
8.
Da SilvaLFRodriguesTFigueiredoM, et al.Effect of adhesive type and thickness on the lap shear strength. J Adhes2006; 82: 1091–1115.
9.
YuNZhangZHeS. Fracture toughness and fatigue life of MWCNT/Epoxy composites. Mater Sci Eng2008; 494: 380–384.
10.
CarbasRDa SilvaLAndrésLFS. Functionally graded adhesive joints by graded mixing of nanoparticles. Int J Adhesion Adhes2017; 76: 30–37.
11.
KangM-HChoiJ-HKweonJ-H. Fatigue life evaluation and crack detection of the adhesive joint with carbon nanotubes. Compos Struct2014; 108: 417–422.
12.
MaramiGNazariSAFaghidianSA, et al.Improving the mechanical behavior of the adhesively bonded joints using RGO additive. Int J Adhesion Adhes2016; 70: 277–286.
13.
AkpinarIAGültekinKAkpinarS, et al.Experimental analysis on the single-lap joints bonded by a nanocomposite adhesives which obtained by adding nanostructures. Composer Part B-Eng2017; 110: 420–428.
14.
ChenPJGuoWZhaoYC, et al.Numerical analysis of the strength and interfacial properties of adhesive joints with graded adherends. Int J Adhesion Adhes2019; 90: 88–96.
15.
JoharMWongKRashidiS, et al.Effect of strain-rate and moisture content on the mechanical properties of adhesively bonded joints. J Mech Sci Technol2020; 34: 1837–1845.
16.
SaraçİAdinHTemizŞ. Investigation of the effect of use of Nano-Al2O3, Nano-TiO2 and Nano-SiO2 powders on strength of single lap joints bonded with epoxy adhesive. Composer Part B-Eng2019; 166: 472–482.
17.
CarbasRJda SilvaLFAndrésLFS. The mechanical response of a structural epoxy adhesive reinforced with carbon Black nanoparticles. Microsc Microanal2019; 25: 187–191.
18.
ÇakırMVErkliğAAhmedBF. Graphene nanoparticle effect on flexural and shear behaviors of adhesively bonded single lap joints of GFRP composites. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng2021; 43: 1–11.
19.
Fernández-CañadasLMIvañezISanchez-SaezS, et al.Effect of adhesive thickness and overlap on the behavior of composite single-lap joints. Mech Adv Mater Struct2021; 28: 1111–1120.
20.
RazaviNAyatollahiMNemati GivA, et al.Single lap joints bonded with structural adhesives reinforced with a mixture of silica nanoparticles and multi walled carbon nanotubes. Int J Adhesion Adhes2018; 80: 76–86.
21.
ZhaiLLingGLiJ, et al.The effect of nanoparticles on the adhesion of epoxy adhesive. Mater Lett2006; 60: 3031–3033.
22.
KowalikJTworekMSmarujM. Wpływ obróbki powierzchni stopów aluminium Na trwałość klejonych połączeń. Polimery2023; 68: 523–529.
23.
VenugopalASudhagar PE. Enhancing shear and flexural strength of single lap composite joints with a graphene nanoparticle‐reinforced adhesive through a co‐curing technique. Polym Compos2024; 45: 4202–4220.
24.
EjazHMubasharATanveerA, et al.The mechanical behavior of modified epoxy adhesive using GNPs, MWCNTs, and RGO nanomaterials. J Adhes Sci Technol2024; 38: 1608–1628.
25.
BoumaizaDSadekKAourB, et al.Application of machine learning for predicting adhesive damage used for joining structural steel with GFRP under hygrothermal effect. J Compos Mater2024; 59: 1287–1305.
26.
PradoVJSPardiniLC. Influence of the combined effect of long hygrothermal aging and thermal cycling on mode I and II interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon/epoxy composites. J Compos Mater2024; 59: 1087–1106.
27.
ZhangYKarimiS. Strength prediction of nanoparticle-reinforced adhesive and hybrid joints under unaged and hygrothermal conditions using machine learning and experimental methods. J Compos Mater2024; 59: 855–883.
28.
XiangSChengBWangJ, et al.Behavior of hybrid bonded/bolted GFRP single-lap joint under static tensile loading: an experimental and numerical study. J Compos Mater2024; 59: 589–602.
29.
Sam-DaliriOFallerL-MFarahaniM, et al.Structural health monitoring of adhesive joints under pure mode I loading using the electrical impedance measurement. Eng Fract Mech2021; 245: 107585.
30.
Sam-DaliriOFarahaniMFallerL-M, et al.Structural health monitoring of defective single lap adhesive joints using graphene nanoplatelets. J Manuf Process2020; 55: 119–130.
31.
GhabeziPFarahaniM. Effects of nanoparticles on nanocomposites mode I and II fracture: a critical review. Int J Adhesion Adhes2018; 3: 391–411.
32.
Sam-DaliriOFallerL-MFarahaniM, et al.Impedance analysis for condition monitoring of single lap CNT-Epoxy adhesive joint. Int J Adhesion Adhes2019; 88: 59–65.
33.
GhabeziPFarahaniMHosseini FakhrM. Experimental investigation of nano-alumina effect on the filling time in VARTM process. J Fund Appl Sci2016; 8: 925–940.
34.
EjazHMubasharAUddinE, et al.An experimental and simulation study of RGO effects on mechanical behaviour of structural adhesive and lap shear joints strength. Int J Adhesion Adhes2023; 126: 103480.
35.
EjazHMubasharAUddinE, et al.Influence of MWCNTs on strength properties of high viscous epoxy adhesive and fracture behavior of adhesively bonded joints. Theor Appl Fract Mech2022; 120: 103412.
36.
Molino AlvarezEQuintana GonzálezSALopez TabordaLL, et al.Experimental study of adhesive joints with mechanical interlocking of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) parts fabricated for fused filament (FFF). Rapid Prototyp J2023; 29: 1984–2000.
37.
BroughtonW. Durability performance of adhesive joints. 2023.
38.
MajzoobiGNejadSHASabetS. Role of graphene oxide and sonication time on mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites at high strain rate. Mater Res Express2019; 6: 065063.
39.
KhalidMYKamalAOtabilA, et al.Graphene/Epoxy nanocomposites for improved fracture toughness: a focused review on toughening mechanism. Chem Eng J Adv2023; 16: 100537.
40.
Da SilvaLFCarbasRCritchlowGW, et al.Effect of material, geometry, surface treatment and environment on the shear strength of single lap joints. Int J Adhesion Adhes2009; 29: 621–632.
41.
PazgozarBGörgülüarslanRM. On the fracture of nano-silica/epoxy bonded single-lap steel joints. Recent Advances in Science & Engineering (RASE)2023; 1: 1–7.
42.
RaghavaRCaddellRMYehGS. The macroscopic yield behaviour of polymers. J Mater Sci1973; 8: 225–232.
43.
MalvadeIDebABiswasP, et al.Numerical prediction of load–displacement behaviors of adhesively bonded joints at different extension rates and temperatures. Comput Mater Sci2009; 44: 1208–1217.
