Hybrid composites are increasingly studied for their environmental benefits and enhanced mechanical performance. This study investigates polyester composites reinforced with combinations of glass fiber (GF), pineapple fiber (PF) and basalt fiber (BF), including a variant using carrot peel-derived polyester resin (GF-PR). Composites were fabricated via hand lay-up and tested for tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness properties. GF-BF composites showed superior mechanical performance, attributed to basalt fiber’s ability to enhance fracture toughness, crack-bridging, and elongation at break. GB1 (3 vol.% pectin) exhibited the highest tensile strength (298.05 MPa), impact strength (9.5 J) and flexural strength (331.08 MPa). GB2 (5 vol.% pectin) recorded the highest hardness (85.2 Shore-D), drop impact resistance (52.3 J), and deflection (4.7 mm), indicating balanced durability and toughness. In flammability tests, GP2 showed the lowest flame propagation rate (12.70 mm/min), marking it as the most fire-resistant. SEM analysis revealed effective fiber-matrix bonding and typical failure patterns. Overall, BF-GFspecimens exhibited excellent flame-retardant and strength properties, suitable for wind turbine blades, construction, and automotive applications.
AlamMIMarazKMKhanRA. A review on the application of high-performance fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials. GSC Adv Res Reviews2022; 10(2): 020–036. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2022.10.2.0036
2.
SinghPSingariRMMishraRS, et al.A review on recent development on polymeric hybrid composite and analysis of their enhanced mechanical performance. Mater Today Proc2022; 56: 3692–3701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.12.443
3.
DattaAVSCManikantaMSShaikMS, et al. Experimental and microstructural evaluation on mechanical properties of abaca/e-glass hybrid composites. SAE Tech Paper. 2022. https://doi.org/10.4271/2022-28-0583
4.
RamkumarRRajaramKSaravananP, et al.Determination of mechanical properties of CFRP composite reinforced with Abaca and Kenaf fibres. Mater Today Proc2022; 62: 5311–5316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.382
5.
SarojSNayakRK. Improvement of mechanical and wear resistance of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites through synthetic fiber (Glass/Carbon) hybridization. Trans Indian Inst Met2021; 74: 2651–2658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-021-02347-x
6.
EjetaLO. Nanoclay/organic filler-reinforced polymeric hybrid composites as promising materials for building, automotive, and construction applications-a state-of-the-art review. Compos Interfaces2023; 30(12): 1363–1386. https://doi.org/10.1080/09276440.2023.2220217
7.
YangXWangMLiY, et al.Improvement of mechanical and thermal expansion properties of pectinase treatment plant fiber reinforced starch/PBAT composites. Polym Compos2024; 45(9): 8016–8025. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28320
8.
AbotbinaWSapuanSMIlyasRA, et al.Preparation and characterization of black seed/cassava bagasse fiber-reinforced cornstarch-based hybrid composites. Sustainability2022; 14(19): 12042. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912042
9.
FengPLeiJMeiJ, et al.Effect of lignin on the structure-property behavior of metal-coordinated and chemically crosslinked ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer composites. Int J Biol Macromol2024; 271: 132766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132766
10.
de Lima MoreiraMNMoreiraFKVPrataAS. Effect of adding micronized eggshell waste particles on the properties of biodegradable pectin/starch films. J Clean Prod2024; 434: 140229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140229
11.
ZhaoWXuYDoradoC, et al.Modification of pectin with high-pressure processing treatment of fresh orange peel before pectin extraction: part II. The effects on gelling capacity and emulsifying properties of pectin. Food Hydrocoll2024; 149: 109536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.109536
12.
BhattacharyaSDasRChowdhuryS, et al.Entanglement of cation ordering and manipulation of the magnetic properties through a temperature-controlled topotactic interface reaction in nanocomposite perovskite oxides. Mater Adv2024; 5(9): 3863–3880. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3MA00891F
13.
AzhagarsamySPannirselvamN. Effect of graphene oxide on the mechanical, thermal, and Fire-retardant Properties of parbon Fibcr Reifforced Epory Comeosites. Periodica Polytech, Chem Eng2025; 69(4): 649–661. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPch.41026
14.
PattiANeleLZarrelliM, et al.A Comparative Analysis on the Processing Aspects of Basalt and Glass Fibers Reinforced Composites. Fibers Polym2021; 22: 1449–1459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-021-0184-x
15.
NgLFYahyaMYMuthukumarC. Mechanical characterization and water absorption behaviors of pineapple leaf/glass fiber‐reinforced polypropylene hybrid composites. Polym Compos2022; 43(1): 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.26367
16.
ParamasivamCVenugopalR. Design and development of glass/basalt fiber reinforced composite material for automobile applications. J Ind Textil2022; 51(1_suppl): 1668S–1681S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083720939575
17.
SundeepMLimbadriKManikandanN, et al. Study of mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fiber and E-glass fiber reinforced hybrid epoxy matrix composite materials. Study of Materials Today: Proceedings. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.06.319
18.
RajaTDevarajanY. Effect of sawdust fillers loaded on Cucumis sativus fiber‐reinforced polymer composite: a novel composite for lightweight static application. Polym Int2025; 74(2): 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.6704
19.
SamuelBOSumailaMDan-AsabeB. Manufacturing of a natural fiber/glass fiber hybrid reinforced polymer composite (PxGyEz) for high flexural strength: an optimization approach. Int J Adv Manuf Technol2022; 119(3): 2077–2088. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08377-5
20.
ChaharMKumarRHabeebA, et al.Factors affecting flexural and impact strength of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites: a reviewGreen Mater2024; 13(2): 76–91. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.24.00108
GokulkumarSThylaPRPrabhuL, et al.Characterization and Comparative Analysis on Mechanical and Acoustical Properties of Camellia Sinensis/Ananas Comosus/Glass Fiber Hybrid Polymer Composites. J Natural Fibers2021; 18(7): 978–994. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2019.1675215
23.
Mousavi KhorasaniMASahebianSZabettA. Effects of toughened polyester on fatigue behavior of glass fiber reinforced polyester composite for wind turbine blade. Polym Compos2021; 42(1): 70–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25808
24.
AhmedMMDhakalHNZhangZY, et al.Enhancement of impact toughness and damage behaviour of natural fibre reinforced composites and their hybrids through novel improvement techniques: A critical review. Compos Struct2021; 259: 113496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.113496
25.
ChetouhSAmeurTBouakbaM, et al.Mechanical characterization and impact resistance of a novel hybrid composite based on salvadora persica roots and glass fibers. Int J Appl Mech Eng2024; 29(2): 39–51. https://doi.org/10.59441/ijame/189468
26.
SurianiMJZainudinHAIlyasRA, et al.Kenaf Fiber/Pet Yarn Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Polymer Composites: Morphological, Tensile, and Flammability Properties. Polymers2021; 13(9): 1532. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13091532
27.
NieLLiJYanX, et al.The carbon fiber/epoxy composites toughened by fire-resistant glass fiber veils: Flammability and mechanical performance. Textil Res J2023; 93(11-12): 2738–2753. https://doi.org/10.1177/00405175221147729
28.
HiremathVSReddyDMMutraRR, et al.Thermal degradation and fire retardant behaviour of natural fibre reinforced polymeric composites- A comprehensive review. J Mater Res Technol2024; 30: 4053–4063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.04.085
29.
ParamasivamCVenugopalR. Design and development of glass/basalt fiber reinforced composite material for automobile applications. J Ind Textil2022; 51(1_suppl): 1668S–1681S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083720939575
30.
HosseiniARajiA. Improved double impact and flexural performance of hybridized glass basalt fiber reinforced composite with graphene nanofiller for lighter aerostructures. Polym Test2023; 125: 108107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2023.108107
31.
SiddiquiVUSapuanSMJamalT. Mechanical, morphological, and fire behaviors of sugar palm/glass fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology. 2023; 31. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.31.S1.08
32.
MahmudSKonlanJDeicazaJ, et al.Hybrid hemp/glass fiber reinforced high-temperature shape memory photopolymer with mechanical and flame-retardant analysis. Sci Rep2023; 13(1): 17830. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44710-6
