Properties of carbon-felt, pyrolytic carbon-matrix composites have been measured as a function of fiber precursor [rayon and polyacrylonitrile (PAN)] and matrix microstructure (smooth laminar, rough laminar, and isotropic). The primary matrix effect is caused by the graphitic nature of the heat-treated rough laminar matrix which yields a high composite thermal conductivity. The increased modulus of the PAN-based fibers results in increased composite strength and modulus and a significantly reduced thermal expansion. A heat-treated, PAN-based carbon felt, rough laminar carbon matrix composite has a superior thermal shock figure-of-merit based on these results.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
H M.Stoller, B.L.Butler, J.D. Theis, and M.L. Lieberman, "Carbon Fiber Reinforced-Carbon Matrix Composites," to be published in Fiber Composites: State of the Art, by the AIME (Sandia Laboratories Report SC-DC-72 1474, August 1972).
2.
H.W. Schmitt, "Carbon/Carbon Composites for Reentry Protection Systems," Paper FC-57A, Summary of Papers, Tenth Biennial Conference on Carbon, Lehigh University (1971).
H.O. Pierson , "Development and Properties of Pyrolytic Carbon FeltComposites," in Advanced Techniques for Material Investigation and Fabrication, SAMPE, Vol. 14 (1968), p. II-4B-2.
5.
H O.Pierson, J.D. Theis, and J.F. Smatana, "Effects of Deposition Temperature on Properties of Pyrolytic Carbon/Carbon Composites," Sandia Laboratories Report SC-DR-68-0264, May 1968.
6.
H M.Stoller, J.L.Irwin, B.Granoff, G.F. Wright, and J.H. Gieske, "Properties of Flight-Tested CVDJfelt and CVD/FW Composites," Paper FC-57, Summary of Papers, Tenth Biennial Conference on Carbon , Lehigh University (1971).
7.
H.O. Pierson, B. Granoff, D.M. Schuster, and J.F. Smatana, "The Effect of Fiber Content on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Felt/Carbon Matrix Composites," Carbon Fibres: Their Composites and Applications , The Plastics Institute, London (1972), p. 161.
8.
B. Granoff, H.O. Pierson, and D.M. Schuster, "Carbon Felt, Carbon Matrix Composites: Dependence of Thermal and Mechanical Properties on Fiber Volume Percent," J. Composite Materials , Vol. 7 (1973), p. 36.
9.
H.O. Pierson and D.M. Schuster, "The Development and Properties of a Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Fiber Based Carbon Felt," New Horizons in Materials and Processing, SAMPE, Vol. 18 (1973), p. 175.
10.
B. Granoff , H.O. Pierson, and D.M. Schuster, "The Effect of Chemical-Vapor-Deposition Conditions on the Properties of Carbon-Carbon Composites," Carbon, Vol. 11 (1973), p. 177.
11.
M.L. Lieberman , "Chemical Vapor Deposition of Carbon: A hiodel to Relate Gas Phase Conditions to Structure of Deposit," Proc. of the Third Interrtatiortal Conference on Chernical Vapor Deposition , F. A. Glaski, ed., American Nuclear Society (1972), p. 95.
12.
H O.Pierson, M.L. Lieberman, and J.F. Smatana, "Structures, Properties, and Process Parameters of Matrices in Carbon/Carbon Composites," Sandia Laboratories Report SLA-73-0208, April 1973.
13.
M.L. Lieberman and H.O. Pierson, "Effect of Gas Phase Conditions on Resultant Matrix Pyrocarbons in Carbon/Carbon Composites," Paper FC-12, Summary of Papers, Eleventh Biennial Conference on Carbon, Gatlinberg, Tennessee (1973).
14.
W J.Parker, R.J.Jenkins, L.D. Butler, and G.L. Abbott, "Flash Method of Determining Thermal Diffusivity, Heat Capacity and Thermal Conductivity," J. Appl. Pilys., Vol. 32 (1961), p. 1679.
15.
J.C. Bokros , "Deposition, Structure and Properties of Pyrolytic Carbon," Chemistry and Pltysics of Carbon, P. L. Walker , Editor, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1969), Vol. 5, p. 1.
16.
R.M. Curlee and M.L. Lieberman, "Pyrocarbon Formation from Benzene in the Preparation of Carbon/Carbon Composites," Paper FC-11, Summary of Papers, Eleventh Biennial Conference on Carbon, Gatlinberg, Tennessee (1973).
17.
J. Woodrow , B.W. Mott, and H.R. Haines, "Analysis of Polarized Light Reflected from Absorbing Materials at Normal Incidence," Proc. Phys, Soc., Vol. B65 ( 1952), 603.
18.
D.W. Stevens , "Optical Anisotropy in Natural Graphite Flakes ," Paper SS-2, Summary of Papers, Eleventh Biennial Conference on Carbon, Gatlinberg, Tennessee (1973).
19.
W. Watt, "Production and Properties of High-Modulus Carbon Fibers," Proc. Royal Society, London, Vol. 319A (1970), p. 5.
20.
R.A. Schapery , "Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Composite Materials Based on Energy Principles," J. Composite Materials, Vol. 2 (1968), p. 380.
21.
B L.Butler, S.F. Duliere, and J.C. Tidmore, "The Relation Between Thermal Expansion and Preferred Orientation of Carbon Fibers," Paper FC-29, Summary of Papers, Tenth Biennial Conference on Carbon, Lehigh University (1971).
22.
B.L. Butler and S.F. Duliere, "Relation of Carbon Fiber Axial Thermal Expansions to Their Microstructures ," Sandia Laboratories Report SLA-73-0485, November 1973.
23.
W. Watt and W. Johnson, "Structure of High Modulus Carbon Fibres," Nature, Vol. 215 (1967),384.
24.
S. Sarian and S.C. Strong, "Mechanical Properties of Stress-Graphitised Carbon Fibers: Thermally Induced Relaxation and Recovery," Fiber Science and Technology , Vol. 4 (1971), p. 67.
25.
B.L. Butler , "Application of Engineering Data on Carbon Fibers to Carbon/CarbonComposites," Sandia Laboratories Report, SLA-73-0385, May 1973.
26.
R J.Price, J.C. Bokros, and K. Koyoma, "Thermal Expansivities and Preferred Orientation of Pyrolytic Carbons ," Carbon, Vol. 5 ( 1967), p. 423.
27.
B. Granoff , Sandia Laboratories, Personal Communication.
28.
W.D. Kingery , "Factors Affecting Thermal Stress Resistance of Ceramic Materials," J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., Vol. 38 (1955), p. 3.
