Peace studies have tended to bifurcate into two groups, the normative and the scientific. While such a division of labor is useful for scholarship, it results in a two cultures problem when employed in teaching. This paper presents a strategy that would make students sensitive to both the normative and scientific aspects of peace studies and the relationship between the two. The paper identifies the goals of peace education, derives specific educational objectives to meet the goals, and suggests exercises that could be employed to implement the educational objectives.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ALCOCK, N. (1972) The War Disease. Oakville, Ontario: Canadian Peace Research Institute.
2.
BANKS, A. (1973) Cross-National Data Analysis. Syracuse: Syracuse University.
3.
BERES, L. R. (1973) A Learning Package for Undergraduate Education in World Order Studies. Syracuse: Syracuse University.
4.
BOULDING, E. [ed.] (1972) “Peace research in transition: a symposium.”J. of Conflict Resolution16 (December).
5.
BOULDING, K. and E. BOULDING (1974) Introduction to the Global Society. New York: Learning Resources in International Studies Education.
6.
BRAYBROOKE, D. and C. LINDBLOM (1963) “Types of decision making, ” pp. 207–217 in J. Rosenau (ed.) International Politics and Foreign Policy. New York: Free Press.
7.
BREMER, S., C. CANNIZZO, C. KEGLEY, and J. RAY (1975) The Scientific Study of War. New York: Learning Resources in International Studies.
8.
BRODY, R. (1963) “Some systemic effects of the spread of nuclear weapons technology: a study through simulation of a multi-nuclear future.”J. of Conflict Resolution7: 663–753.
9.
BULL, H. (1969) “International theory: the case for a classical approach, ” pp. 20–39 in K. Knorr and J. Rosenau (eds.) Contending Approaches to International Politics. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
10.
BURGESS, P. and J. HARF (1975) Global Analysis: A Data Scheme and Deck for Univariate and Bivariate Analysis. New York: Learning Resources in International Studies.
11.
BURGESS, P. and J. HARF (1974) Methods of Univariate and Bivariate Analysis. New York: Learning Resources in International Studies.
12.
CASPER, G. G. (1971) “A value model: a programmed text, ” pp. 177–209 in L. E. Metcalf (ed.) Values Education: Rationale, Strategies, and Procedures, Yearbook of the National Council for the Social Studies.
13.
CHADWICK, J. and M. MEUX (1971) “Procedures for value analysis, ” pp. 75–120 in L. Metcalf (ed.) Values Education: Rationale, Strategies and Procedures, Yearbook of the National Council for the Social Studies.
14.
COPLIN, W. D. (1974) Introduction to International Politics. Chicago: Rand McNally.
15.
COPLIN, W. D. and C. KEGLEY, Jr. [eds.] (1975) Analyzing International Relations: A Multi-Method Introduction. New York: Praeger.
16.
COPLIN, W. D. and J. M. ROCHESTER (1971) Foreign Policy Decision Making. Chicago: Markham.
17.
COPLIN, W. D., P. E. EICKMANN, and M. K. O'LEARY (1974) “A strategy for educating most of the students most of the time in political science.”Teaching Pol. Sci.1: 139–168.
18.
COPLIN, W. D., S. L. MILLS, and M. K. O'LEARY (1972) Prince Participants Guide: Concepts, Environment, Procedures. Syracuse: International Relations Program.
19.
COPRED (1973) “COPRED questionnaire on peace research, education, and action: a report.”Peace and Change1: 62–67.
20.
DEMETER, J. and K. MARION (1974) “Peace studies courses.”Peace Research Rev.6.
21.
DOUGHERTY, J. and R. PFALTZGRAFF, Jr. (1971) Contending Theories of International Relations. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
22.
ELLIOT, E. W. (1967) “Educational objectives: help or hindrance?” School Rev. (autumn).
23.
EMERSON, R. (1960) From Empire to Nation. Boston: Beacon Press.
24.
EVERTS, P. P. (1972) “Developments and trends in peace and conflict research, 1965–1971: a survey of institutions.”J. of Conflict Resolution16: 477–510.
25.
FALK, R. A. (1975) A Study of Future Worlds. New York: Free Press.
26.
FERARU, A. T. (1973) International Conflict. New York: Learning Resources in International Studies.
27.
FINK, C. (1965) “More calculations about deterrence.”J. of Conflict Resolution9: 54–66.
28.
FINNEGAN, R. (1972) “International relations: the disputed search for method.”Rev. of Politics34: 40–66.
29.
GALTUNG, J. (1972) “Peace research: past experiences and future perspectives, ” pp. 13–34 in Gandhi Peace Foundation and Gandhian Institute of Studies. Peace Research for Peace Education. New Delhi: A. K. Bose.
30.
GALTUNG, J. (1967) “On the effects of international economic sanctions, with examples from the case of Rhodesia.”World Politics19: 378–416.
31.
GALTUNG, J. (1964) “An editorial.”J. of Peace Research1: 1–4.
32.
GRAYSON, L. P. (1972) “Costs, benefits, effectiveness: challenge to educational technology.”Science175: 1216.
33.
HEMPEL, C. G. (1966) Philosophy of Natural Science. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
34.
HERMANN, C. F. [ed.] (1972) International Crises: Insights from Behavioral Research. New York: Free Press.
35.
HERMANN, C. F. and L. P. BRADY (1972) “Alternative models of international crisis behavior, ” pp. 281–304 in C. F. Hermann (ed.) International Crises: Insights from Behavioral Research. New York: Free Press.
36.
HOFFMANN, F. (1967) “The functions of economic sanctions.”J. of Peace Research2: 140–160.
37.
HOPKINS, R. F. and R. W. MANSBACH (1973) Structure and Process in International Politics. New York: Harper & Row.
38.
JONES, S. and J. D. SINGER (1972) Beyond Conjecture in International Politics. Itasca, Ill.: Peacock.
39.
KAHN, H. (1960) “The two types of deterrence, ” pp. 215–228 in R. Art and R. Jervis (eds.) International Politics. Boston: Little, Brown.
40.
KAHN, H. W. BROWN, and L. MARTEL (1976) The Next 200 Years: A Scenario for America and the World. New York: Morrow.
41.
KATO, M. (1968) “A model of U.S. foreign aid allocation: an application of a rational decision-making scheme, ” pp. 198–215 in J. Mueller (ed.) Approaches to Measurement in International Relations. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
42.
KENT, G. (1971) “The application of peace studies.”J. of Conflict Resolution15: 47–53.
43.
KISSINGER, H. (1957) “The problems of limited war, ” pp. 266–281 in R. Art and R. Jervies (eds.) International Politics. Boston: Little, Brown.
44.
KNORR, K. and J. ROSENAU (1969) “Tradition and science in the study of international politics, ” pp. 3–20 in K. Knorr and J. Rosenau (eds.) Contending Approaches to International Politics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press.
45.
KOTHARI, R. (1974) Footsteps into the Future. New York: Free Press.
46.
KRIEGER, D. (1973) “Peace research is not academic.”Peace and Change1: 68–73.
47.
KUHN, T. S. (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
48.
McGOWAN, P. J. and M. K. O'LEARY (1971) Comparative Foreign Policy Analysis Materials. Chicago: Markham.
49.
McGOWAN, P. J. and H. B. SHAPIRO (1973) The Comparative Study of Foreign Policy: An Inventory of Scientific Findings. Beverly Hills: Sage.
50.
MEADOWS, D. H., D. L. MEADOWS, J. RANDERS, and W. W. BEHRENS III (1972) The Limits to Growth. New York: Universe Books.
51.
MENDLOVITZ, S. H. [ed.] (1974) On the Creation of a Just World Order. New York: Free Press.
52.
MORGENTHAU, H. J. (1973, 1948) Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (5th ed., 1st ed.).New York: Knopf.
53.
MORGENTHAU, H. J. (1962) “A political theory of foreign aid.”Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev.56: 301–309.
54.
NEWCOMBE, H. and A. NEWCOMBE (1969) Peace Research Around the World. Ontario: Canadian Peace Research Institute.
55.
NEWCOMBE, H., A. NEWCOMBE, M. WALLACE, P. SMOKER, and W. ECKHARDT (1972) “Alternative approaches to peace research.”Peace Research Rev.4.
56.
NEWLAND, K., B. STEINMETZ, and M. WASHBURN [eds.] (1973) “Creating undergraduate peace studies programs.”Peace and Change1.
57.
NICHOLSON, M. (1967) “Tariff wars and a model of conflict.”J. of Peace Research1: 26–38.
58.
O'LEARY, M. K., J. VASQUEZ, and W. COPLIN (1972) Introduction to Game Theory (slide/tape). Syracuse: Center for Instructional Development.
59.
O'LEARY, M., W. COPLIN, G. BREY, and S. DYER (1974) PROBE User's Manual. Syracuse: Syracuse University.
60.
OLSEN, L. J. and I. M. JARVAD (1970) “The Vietnam conference papers, a case study of a failure of peace research.”Peace Research Society (International) Papers14: 155–170.
61.
OSGOOD, C. E. (1959) “Suggestions for winning the real war with communism.”J. of Conflict Resolution3: 295–325.
62.
RAPOPORT, A. (1970) “Is peace research applicable?”J. of Conflict Resolution14: 277–286.
63.
ROCHESTER, J. M. and J. STERN (1971) Controlling International Violence Through International Institutions. Syracuse: Syracuse University.
64.
ROSECRANCE, R. (1973) International Relations: Peace or War?New York: McGraw-Hill.
65.
ROSENAU, J. (1967) “The premises and promises of decision-making analysis, ” pp. 189–212 in J. Charlesworth (ed.) Contemporary Political Analysis. New York: Free Press.
66.
ROWE, E. (1974) “Aid and coups d'etat.”Int'l Studies Q.18: 239–255.
67.
RUSSETT, B. (1963) “The calculus of deterrence.”J. of Conflict Resolution7: 97–109.
68.
SHARP, G. (1965) “The political equivalent of war-civilian defense.” Int'l Conciliation (November).
69.
SHIPPEE, J. (1973) “New structures and approaches for university level programs in peace and social change.”Peace and Change1: 22–32.
70.
SINGER, J. D. (1973) “The peace researcher and foreign policy prediction.”Peace Sci. Society (International) Papers21: 1–14.
71.
SINGER, J. D. (1971) “Individual values, national interests, and political development in the international system.”Studies in Comparative Int'l Development6: 197–211.
72.
SINGER, J. D. (1970) “From a ‘a study of war’ to peace research: some criteria and strategies.”J. of Conflict Resolution14: 527–542.
73.
SINGER, J. D. [ed.] (1968) Quantitative International Politics. New York: Free Press.
74.
SLOAN, T. J. (1975) International Interactions: Events-Data Analysis Applied to the Middle East. New York: Learning Resources in International Studies.
75.
SNOW, C. P. (1964) The Two Cultures: And a Second Look. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
76.
SNOW, D. and S. KAYLOR (1975) Introduction to Game Theory. New York: Learning Resources in International Studies.
77.
SNYDER, R., H. BRUCK, and B. SAPIN (1954) Decision-Making as an Approach to the Study of International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Foreign Policy Analysis Project.
78.
SPROUT, H. and M. SPROUT (1971) Toward a Politics of the Planet Earth. New York: Van Nostrand.
79.
STRUVE, J. (1974) “Peace education: experimental grading.”Peace and Change2: 59–62.
80.
SULLIVAN, M. P. (1976) International Relations: Theories and Evidence. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
81.
TARG, H. (1971) “Social science and a new social order.”J. of Peace Research3: 207–221.
82.
VASQUEZ, J. A. (1976) “Statistical findings in international politics: a data-based assessment.”Int'l Studies Q.20: 171–220.
83.
WALBEK, N. V. and T. G. WEISS (1974) A World Order Framework for Teaching International Politics. New York: Institute for World Order.
84.
WALLACE, M. (1972) “The radical critique of peace research: an exposition and interpretation.”Peace Research Rev.4.
85.
WALLENSTEEN, P. (1968) “Characteristics of economic sanctions.”J. of Peace Research3: 248–267.
86.
WEHR, P. and M. WASHBURN (1976) Peace and World Order Studies: Teaching and Research. Beverly Hills: Sage.
87.
WERNETTE, D. R. (1972) “Creating institutions for applying peace research.”J. of Conflict Resolution16: 531–538.
88.
WINDHAM, G. (1970) “Developing theories of foreign policy making: a case study of foreign aid.”J. of Politics32: 41–70.
89.
WITTKOPF, E. (1973) “Foreign aid and United Nations votes.”Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev.67: 868–889.
90.
WITTKOPF, E. (1972) Western Bilateral Aid Allocations: A Comparative Study of Recipient State Attributes and Aid Received. Beverly Hills: Sage.