The structure and personality correlates of affect were studied in a sample of 351 predominantly Mexican university students using a large and representative list of 271 Spanish affect terms and a Spanish translation of the Big Five personality dimensions. Results were compared with those obtained previously in the United States, the Philippines, and Estonia. We found (a) good support for the cross-cultural comparability of global Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) dimensions and the hierarchical structure of affect; (b) cross-cultural similarities, but also differences, in the configuration of more specific positive and negative affects; and (c) fairly comparable patterns of relationships across cultures between the Big Five dimensions of personality and the Big Two dimensions of affect (PA, NA). Most of these results were more consistent with evolutionary biological perspectives on personality and affect than strong social constructivist perspectives.
Allik, J. , & Realo, A. (1997). Emotional experience and its relation to the five-factor model in Estonia. Journal of Personality, 65, 625-647.
2.
Almagor, M. , & Ben-Porath, Y.S. (1989). The two-factor model of self-reported mood: A cross-cultural replication. Journal of Personality Assessment, 53, 10-21.
3.
Almagor, M. , & Ben-Porath, Y.S. (1995). Relations between mood and personality: Findings from the Israeli mood studies. In J.N. Butcher & C.D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 10, pp. 97-108). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
4.
Balatsky, G. , & Diener, E. (1993). Subjective well-being among Russian students. Social Indicators Research, 28, 21-39.
5.
Benet, V. , & Waller, N.G. (1995). The big seven factor model of personality description: Evidence for its cross-cultural generality in a Spanish sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 701-718.
6.
Benet-Martínez, V. , & John, O.P. (1998). Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait-multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 729-750.
7.
Boucher, J.D. (1979). Culture and emotion. In A.J. Marsella, R. Tharp, & T. Ciborowski (Eds.), Perspectives on cross-cultural psychology (pp. 159-178). New York: Academic Press.
8.
Church, A.T. , Katigbak, M.S., Reyes, J.A.S., & Jensen, S. (1998). The language and organization of Filipino emotion concepts: Comparing emotion concepts and dimensions across cultures. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 63-125.
9.
Church, A.T. , Katigbak, M.S., Reyes, J.A.S., & Jensen, S. (1999). The structure of affect in a non-Western culture: Evidence for cross-cultural comparability. Journal of Personality, 67, 505-534.
10.
Clore, G.L. , Ortony, A., & Foss, M. (1987). The psychological foundations of the affective lexicon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 751-766.
11.
Costa, P.T., Jr. , & McCrae, R.R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 668-678.
Diaz-Guerrero, R. (1979). The development of coping style. Human Development, 22, 320-331.
14.
Diaz-Guerrero, R. (1987). Historical sociocultural premises and ethnic socialization. In J.S. Phinney & M.J. Rotheram (Eds.), Children's ethnic socialization: Pluralism and development (pp. 239-250). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
15.
Diaz-Guerrero, R. (1992). La psicologia de la personalidad en el siglo XXI [Personality psychology in the 2lst century]. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 26, 37-52.
16.
Diaz-Guerrero, R. (1993). Mexican ethnopsychology. In U. Kim & J.W. Berry (Eds.), Indigenous psychologies: Research and experience in cultural context (pp. 44-55). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
17.
Diaz-Guerrero, R. , & Szalay, L.B. (1991). Understanding Mexicans and Americans: Cultural perspectives in conflict. New York: Plenum.
18.
Diaz-Loving, R. (1998). Contributions of Mexican ethnopsychology to the resolution of the etic-emic dilemma in personality. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 104-118.
19.
Diaz-Loving, R. , & Andrade Palos, P. (1984). Una Escala de Locus de Control para niños Mexicanos [A Locus of Control scale for Mexican children]. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 18, 21-33.
20.
Diaz-Loving, R. , & Draguns, J.G. (1999). Culture, meaning, and personality in Mexico and in the United States. In Y.-T. Lee, C.R. McCauley, & J.G. Draguns (Eds.), Personality and person perception across cultures (pp. 103-126). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
21.
Diener, E. , Smith, H., & Fujita, F. (1995). The personality structure of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 130-141.
22.
Dubois-Charlier, F. , Pritchard, D.R., Senerth, D.T., & Sola, J.M. (Eds.). (1989). The concise American heritage English-Spanish, Spanish-English dictionary. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
23.
Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 169-200.
24.
Feldman Barrett, L. , & Russell, J.A. (1998). Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 967-984.
25.
Gehm, T.L. , & Scherer, K.R. (1988). Factors determining the dimensions of subjective emotional space. In K.R. Scherer (Ed.), Facets of emotion: Recent research (pp. 99-113). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
26.
Goldsmith, H.H. , & Campos, J.J. (1982). Toward a theory of infant temperament. In R.N. Emde & R.J. Harmon (Eds.), The development of attachment and affiliative systems (pp. 161-193). New York: Plenum.
27.
Green, D.P. , Goldman, S.L., & Salovey, P. (1993). Measurement error masks bipolarity in affect ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 1029-1041.
28.
Harré, R. (Ed.). (1986). The social construction of emotions. New York: Blackwell.
29.
Heider, K.G. (1991). Landscapes of emotion: Mapping three cultures of emotion in Indonesia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
30.
Hofstede, G. (1983). Dimensions of national cultures in fifty countries and three regions. In J.B. Deregowski, S. Dziurawiec, & R.C. Annis (Eds.), Expiscations in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 335-355). Lisse, the Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
31.
Holtzman, W.H. , Diaz-Guerrero, R., & Swartz, J.D. (1975). Personality development in two cultures: A cross-cultural longitudinal study of school children in Mexico and United States. Austin: University of Texas Press.
32.
Izard, C.E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum.
33.
Izard, C.E. (1994). Innate and universal facial expressions: Evidence from developmental and cross-cultural research. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 288-299.
34.
Izard, C.E. , Libero, D.Z., Putnam, P., & Haynes, O.M. (1993). Stability of emotion experiences and their relations to traits of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 847-860.
35.
John, O.P. , Donahue, E.M., & Kentle, R.L. (1991). The "Big Five" Inventory-Versions 4a and 54 (Technical report). Berkeley: University of California Press, Institute of Personality and Social Research.
36.
Joiner, T.E., Jr. , Sandín, B., Chorot, P., Lostao, L., & Marquina, G. (1997). Development and factor analytic validation of the SPANAS among women in Spain: (More) cross-cultural convergence in the structure of mood. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 600-615.
37.
La Rosa, J. , & Diaz-Loving, R. (1991). Evaluacion del autoconcepto: Una escala multidimensional [Evaluation of the self-concept: A multidimensional inventory]. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 23, 15-33.
38.
Larsen, R.J. , & Diener, E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. In M.S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology: Emotion (Vol. 13, pp. 25-59). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
39.
Lutz, C. , & White, G.M. (1986). The anthropology of emotions. Annual Review of Anthropology, 15, 405-436.
40.
Malatesta, C.Z. (1990). The role of emotions in the development and organization of personality. In R.A. Thompson (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 36: Socioemotional development (pp. 1-56). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
41.
Markus, H.R. , & Kitayama, S. (1998). The cultural psychology of personality. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 63-87.
42.
McCrae, R.R. , & Costa, P.T., Jr. (1991). Adding liebe und arbeit: The full five-factor model and well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 227-232.
43.
McCrae, R.R. , & Costa, P.T., Jr. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509-516.
44.
Plutchik, R. (1980). Emotion: A psychoevolutionary approach. New York: Harper & Row.
45.
Reyes Lagunes, I. (1993). Las redes semanticas naturales, su conceptualizacion y su utilizacion en la construccion de instrumentos [Natural semantic networks, its conceptualization and use in the construction of instruments]. Revista de Psicologia Social y Personalidad, 9, 83-99.
46.
Reyes Lagunes, I. (1996). La medicion de la personalidad in Mexico [The measurement of personality in Mexico]. Revista de Psicologia Social y Personalidad, 12(1-2), 31-60.
47.
Rodriquez de Diaz, M.L. , & Diaz-Guerrero, R. (1997). ¿Son universales los rasgos de la personalidad? [Are personality traits universal?]. Revista Latinoamericana De Psicologia, 29, 35-48.
48.
Russell, J.A. , & Carroll, J.M. (1999). On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 3-30.
49.
Russell, J.A. , Lewicka, M., & Niit, T. (1989). A cross-cultural study of a circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 848-856.
50.
Saucier, G. , & Goldberg, L.R. (2001). Lexical studies of indigenous personality factors: Premises, products, and prospects. Journal of Personality, 69, 847-879.
51.
Shaver, P.R. , Murdaya, U., & Fraley, R.C. (2001). Structure of the Indonesian emotion lexicon. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 4, 201-224.
52.
Steiger, J.H. (1980). Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 245-251.
53.
Storm, C. , & Storm, T. (1987). A taxonomic study of the vocabulary of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 805-816.
54.
Tellegen, A. , Watson, D., & Clark, L.A. (1999). On the dimensional and hierarchical structure of affect. Psychological Science, 10, 297-303.
55.
Tinsley, H.E.A. , & Weiss, D.J. (1975). Interrater reliability and agreement of subjective judgments. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22, 358-376.
56.
Triandis, H.C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview.
57.
Watson, D. , & Clark, L.A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 465-490.
58.
Watson, D. , & Clark, L.A. (1992a). Affects separable and inseparable: On the hierarchical arrangement of the negative affects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 489-505.
59.
Watson, D. , & Clark, L.A. (1992b). On traits and temperament: General and specific factors of emotional experience and their relation to the five-factor model. Journal of Personality, 60, 442-476.
60.
Watson, D., & Clark, L.A. (1994). The PANAS-X, manual for the positive and negative affect schedule (Expanded form). Unpublished manuscript, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
61.
Watson, D. , & Clark, L.A. (1997). The measurement and mismeasurement of mood: Recurrent and emergent issues. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 267-296.
62.
Watson, D. , Clark, L.A., & Tellegen, A. (1984). Cross-cultural convergence in the structure of mood: A Japanese replication and a comparison with U.S. findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 127-144.
63.
Watson, D. , & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219-235.
64.
Watson, D. , Wiese, D., Vaidya, J., & Tellegen, A. (1999). The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 820-838.
65.
Wierzbicka, A. (1992). Talking about emotions: Semantics, culture, and cognition. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 285-319.
66.
Yik, M.S.M. , Russell, J.A., Ahn, C.-K., Dols, J.M.F., & Suzuki, N. (2002). Relating the five-factor model of personality to a circumplex model of affect: A five-language study. In A.J. Marsella (Series Ed.) & R.R. McCrae & J. Allik (Eds.), The five-factor model across cultures (pp. 79-104). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
67.
Yik, M.S.M. , Russell, J.A., & Feldman Barrett, L. (1999). Structure of self-reported current affect: Integration and beyond. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 600-619.
68.
Yik, M.S.M. , Russell, J.A., Oceja, L.V., & Dols, J.M.F. (2000). Momentary affect in Spanish: Scales, structure, and relationship to personality. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 16, 160-176.
69.
Zevon, M.A. , & Tellegen, A. (1982). The structure of mood change: An idiographic/nomothetic analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 111-122.
