The Multigenerational Interconnectedness Scale was administered to 2,893 Arab adolescents in eight Arab societies. Results show that adolescent-family connectedness differs significantly across the Arab societies. Arabs scored higher in emotional, financial, functional, and total connectedness than Americans. Female adolescents were more connected than male adolescents in all three kinds of connectedness. A low but significant effect of urbanization was found on emotional and financial connectedness. First-born adolescents scored higher in financial connectedness. Further studies that employ additional tools such as interviews, observations, and parents' self-report are needed.
Achoui, M. (2004, April). Family impact on students' motivation. Paper presented at the Second International Conference on Administrative Sciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia.
2.
Al-Kathem, A. A. (1999). Al Hijrah [Immigration]. In K. Zakareya (Ed.), Derasat fi almojtamaa' al A'rabi almoa'aser[Studies in the contemporary Arab society] (pp. 47-78). Damascus, Syria: Al Ahali Publications.
3.
Al-Khawaja, M. (1999). Alshabab al A'rabi [Arab youth]. In K. Zakareya (Ed.), Derasat fi almojtamaa' al A'rabi almoa'aser[Studies in the contemporary Arab society] (pp. 255-304). Damascus, Syria: Al Ahali Publications.
4.
Al-Teer, O. (1997). Al o'nf al o'sari[The family violence]. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Naif Arab Academy of Security Sciences, Center of Studies and Research.
5.
Arab Woman Developmental Report. (2003). Alfatat al Arabeyah al Moraheqah[The Arab adolescent girls]. Lebanon: Kawtar.
6.
Axelson, J. A. (1999). Counseling and development in a multicultural society. Boston: Brooks/Cole.
7.
Barakat, H. (1993). The Arab world: Society, culture, and state. Berkeley: University of California Press.
8.
Barakat, H. (2000). Almojtama' ala'rabi fi alqarn ale'shrin. Beirut, Lebanon: Markaz Derasat Alwehda AlA'rabia.
9.
Blos, P. (1967). The second individuation process of adolescence. Psychoanalytic Studies of the Child, 22, 162-186.
10.
Bu-Makhloof, M. (1999). Altahadhor wawaqea' almodun al Arabeyah [Urbanization and the reality of Arab cities]. In K. Zakareya (Ed.), Derasat fi almojtamaa' al A'rabi almoa'aser[Studies in the contemporary Arab society] (pp. 79-134). Damascus, Syria: Al Ahali Publications.
11.
Daeem, R. (1993). Attitudes and emotions in the separation-individuation process of adolescent girls as a function of culture and attachment styles. Unpublished master's thesis, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel.
12.
Dwairy, M. (1997). Personality, culture, and Arabic society[in Arabic]. Alq'uds, Palestine: Alnoor.
13.
Dwairy, M. (1998). Cross-cultural counseling: The Arab-Palestinian case. New York: Haworth.
14.
Dwairy, M. (2002). Foundations of a psycho-social dynamic personality theory of collective people. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 343-360.
15.
Dwairy, M. (2003). Validation of multigenerational interconnectedness scale among Arab adolescents. Psychological Reports, 93, 697-704.
16.
Dwairy, M. (2004a). Individuation among Bedouin versus urban Arab adolescents: National, ethnic and gender differences. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10(4), 340-350.
17.
Dwairy, M. (2004b). Internal-structural validity of Objective Measure of Ego-Identity Status among Arab adolescents. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 4(2), 133-144.
18.
Dwairy, M. (in press). Culturally sensitive counseling and psychotherapy: Working with Arabic and Muslim clients. New York: Teachers College Press.
19.
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
20.
Freud, S. (1949). An outline of psychoanalysis. New York: Norton.
21.
Freud, S. (1960). A general introduction to psychoanalysis. New York: Washington Square Press. (Original work published 1935)
22.
Gavazzi, S. M., & Sabatelli, R. M. (1987, November). Assessing levels of individuation through multigenerational interconnectedness. Paper presented at the National Council of Family Relations 49th Annual Conference, Atlanta, GA.
23.
Gavazzi, S. M., & Sabatelli, R. M. (1988, November). Multigenerational interconnectedness and family involvement: Assessing levels of individuation in adolescence and early adulthood. Paper presented at the National Council of Family Relations 50th Annual Conference, Philadelphia.
24.
Gavazzi, S. M., & Sabatelli, R. M. (1990). Family system dynamics, the individuation process, and psychosocial development. Journal of Adolescent Research, 5(4), 500-519.
25.
Georgas, J., Mylonas, K., Bafiti, T., Poortinga, Y. H., Christakopoulou, S., Kagitcibasi, C., et al. (2001). Functional relationships in the nuclear and extended family: A 16 culture study. International Journal of Psychology, 36(5), 289-300.
26.
Gregg, G. S. (2005). The Middle-East: A cultural psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
27.
Hallaq, H. (2001). Derasat fi almojtamaa' al Lobnani[Studies in the Lebanese society]. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar El Nahdha Al A'rabeyah.
28.
Hatab, Z., & Makki, A. (1978). Al-solta el-abawia wal-shabab.[Parental authority and the youth]. Beirut, Lebanon: Ma'had El-Inmaa' El-Arabi.
29.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
30.
Kagitcibasi, C. (1996). The autonomous-relational self: A new synthesis. European Psychologist, 13, 180-186.
31.
Kagitcibasi, C. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 1-20.
32.
Kaplan, R., & Saccuzzo, D. (1982). Psychological testing: principles, applications, and issues.Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
33.
Lopez, F. G., & Gover, M. (1993). Self-report measure of parent-adolescent attachment and separation-individuation: A selective review. Journal of Counseling and Development, 71, 560-569.
34.
Mahler, M., Bergman, A., & Pine, F. (1975). The psychological birth of the infant: Symbiosis and individuation. New York: Basic Books.
35.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1998). The cultural psychology of personality. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 63-87.
36.
Racy, J. (1970) Psychiatry in Arab East. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 221, 160-171.
37.
Sampson, E. E. (1988). The debate on individualism. American Psychologist, 43(1), 15-22.
38.
Timimi, S. B. (1995). Adolescence in immigrant Arab families. Psychotherapy, 32, 141-149.
39.
Triandis, H. C. (1990). Theoretical concepts that are applicable to the analysis of ethnocentrism. In R. H. Brislin (Ed.), Applied cross-cultural psychology(pp. 34-55). London: Sage.
40.
Triandis, H. C. (1996). The psychological measurements of cultural syndromes. American Psychologist, 51, 407-415.
41.
Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M. J., Asai, M., & Lucca, N. (1988). Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 323-338.
42.
United Nations Development Program. (2002). Arab human development report 2002: Creating opportunity for future generations. New York: Author.
43.
Zayed, A., & Lotfi, T. (1993). Al usrah wal tofoolah[Family and childhood]. Egypt: Dar al Ma'arifah al Jamia'eyah.
