The socialization variables of family strength, religious identification, school adjustment, family sanctions against drug use and peer associations correlate with youth drug abuse. A path model testing the relationships between these variables among Anglo youths has shown that peer drug associations mediate the influence of the other factors and that with minor exceptions peers are likely to be the dominating force in youth drug abuse. The current study applied the same path model to a group of American Indian youths and the findings were replicated with two important exceptions. Peer drug associations, although still dominant in the model, were not as highly correlated with drug use for Indian youths, and family sanctions against drugs had a direct influence on drug use in addition to an indirect influence. Differences in family dynamics among American Indian youths may account for the findings; they may associate more with and learn about drug use from same-aged siblings and other relatives in the extended family, and they may have a greater number of adult family figures to apply sanctions against drug use.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Adler, P. T. , & Lotecka, L. (1973). Drug use among high school students: Patterns and correlates. International Journal of the Addictions, 8, 537-548.
2.
American Psychiatric Association . (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd rev. ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3.
Annis, H. M. , & Watson, C. (1975). Drug use and school dropout: A longitudinal study. Canadian Counsellor, 9, 155-162.
4.
Bachman, J. G. , O'Malley, P. M., & Johnston, C. D. (1980). Correlates of drug use, part I: Selected measures of background, recent experience, and lifestyle orientations. (Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper 8). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Science.
5.
Bakal, D. , Milstein, S. L., & Rootman, I. (1975). Trends in drug use among rural students in Alberta: 1971-1974. Canadian Mental Health, 24 (4), 8-9.
6.
Beauvais, F. , Oetting, E. R., Wolf, W., & Edwards, R. W. (1989). American Indian youth and drugs: 1975-1987, a continuing problem. American Journal of Public Health, 79 (5), 634-636.
7.
Blumenfield, M. , Riester, A. E., Serrano, A. C., & Adams, R. L. (1972). Marijuana use in high school students. Diseases of the Nervous System, 33 (9), 603-610.
8.
Bogg, R. A. , & Hughes, J. (1973). Correlates of marijuana usage at a Canadian technological institute. International Journal of the Addictions, 8, 489-504.
9.
Brook, J. S. , Lukoff, I. F., & Whiteman, M. (1977). Correlates of marijuana use as related to age, sex, and ethnicity. Yale Journal of Biological Medicine, 50, 383-390.
10.
Bullington, B. (1977). Heroin use in the barrio. Lexingtoni, MA: Lexington Books.
11.
Clayton, R. R. , & Voss, H. R. (1982). Technical review on drug abuse and dropouts. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
12.
Cockett, R. , & Marks, V. (1969). Amphetamine taking among young offenders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 115, 1203-1204.
13.
Dinges, N. G. , Joos, S. J., & Clarke, G. C. (1987). Development and validation of mental health screening measures for American Indian adolescents (Final Report, Contract No. 248-86-0079). Portland (Oregon) Area Indian Health Service, Mental Health Branch.
14.
Frumkin, R. M. , Cowan, R. A., & Davis, J. R. (1969). Drug use in a midwest sample of metropolitan hinterland high school students. Corrective Psychology, 15, 8-13.
15.
Galli, N. (1974). Patterns of student drug use. Journal of Drug Education, 4, 237-248.
16.
Galli, N. , & Stone, D. G. (1975). Psychological status of student drug users. Journal of Drug Education, 5, 327-333.
17.
Glynn, T. J. (1984). Adolescent drug use and the family environment: A review. Journal of Drug Issues, 14 (2), 271-295.
18.
Green, M. G. , Blake, B. F., & Zeyhausern, R. T. (1973). Some implications of a survey of marijuana usage by middle-class high school drug users. Proceedings of the 81st Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 8, 679-680.
19.
Guilmet, G. M. , & Whited, D. L. (1989). The people who give more: Health and mental health among the contemporary Puyallup Indian tribal community. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 2 (2, Winter).
20.
Jessor, R. (1976). Predicting time of onset of marijuana use: A developmental study of high school youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44, 125-134.
21.
Jessor, R. , Chase, J. D., & Donovan, J. E. (1980). Psychosocial correlates of marijuana use and problem drinking in a national sample of adolescents. American Journal of Public Health, 70, 604-613.
22.
Jessor, R. , Donovan, J. E., & Widmer, K. (1980). Psychosocial factors in adolescent alcohol and drug use: The 1978 National Sample Study and the 1974-1978 Panel Study. Boulder: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science.
23.
Jessor, R. , & Jessor, S. L. (1977). Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. New York: Academic Press.
24.
Jessor, R. , Jessor, S. L., & Finney, J. (1973). A social psychology of marijuana use: Longitudinal studies of high school and college youth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26, 1-15.
25.
Joreskog, K. G. , & Sorbom, D. (1985). LISREL VI: Analysis of linear structural relationships by the method of maximum likelihood. Mooresville, IN: Scientific Software.
26.
Kandel, D. (1975). Reaching the hard-to-reach: Illicit drug use among high school absentees. Addictive Diseases: An International Journal, 1, 465-480.
27.
Nurco, D. N. , Shaffer, J. W., & Cisin, I. H. (1984). An ecological analysis of the interrelationships among drug abuse and other indices of social pathology. International Journal of the Addictions, 19 (4), 441-451.
28.
Oetting, E. R. , & Beauvais, F. (1983). A typology of adolescent drug use: A practical classification system for describing drug use patterns. Academic Psychology Bulletin, 5, 55-69.
29.
Oetting, E. R. , & Beauvais, F. (1985, September). Epidemiology and correlates of alcohol use among Indian adolescents living on reservations. Paper presented at the Epidemiology of Alcohol Use and Abuse among U.S. Minorities conference, Bethesda, MD.
30.
Oetting, E. R. , & Beauvais, F. (1986). Peer cluster theory: Drugs and the adolescent. Journal of Counseling and Development, 65 (1), 17-22.
31.
Oetting, E. R. , & Beauvais, F. (1987a). Common elements in youth drug abuse: Peer clusters and other psychosocial factors. Journal of Drug Issues, 17 (1-2), 133-151.
32.
Oetting, E. R. , & Beauvais, F. (1987b). Peer cluster theory, socialization characteristics and adolescent drug use: A path analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34 (2), 205-213.
33.
Oetting, E. R. , & Beauvais, F. (1988a). Adolescent drug use and the counselor. The School Counselor, 36, 11-17.
34.
Oetting, E. R. , & Beauvais, F. (1988b). Common elements in youth drug abuse. In S. Peele (Ed.), Visions of addiction (pp. 141-161). Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.
35.
Oetting, E. R. , & Beauvais, F. (1990). Adolescent drug use: Findings of national and local surveys. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58 (4), 385-394.
36.
Oetting, E. R. , Beauvais, F., Edwards, R. W., & Waters, M. (1984). The clinical drug abuse scale, book HI. Instrument development, reliability and validity. Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Behavioral Sciences Institute.
37.
Oetting, E. R. , Beauvais, F., & Velarde, J. (1982). Marijuana use by reservation Native American youth. Listening Post, 4 (3), 25-28.
38.
Oetting, E. R. , Edwards, R. W., & Beauvais, F. (1989). Drugs and Native American youth. Drugs and Society, 3 (1-2), 5-38.
39.
Oetting, E. R. , & Goldstein, G. (1979). Drug abuse among Native American adolescents. In G. M. Beschner & A. S. Friedman (Eds.), Youth drug abuse: Problems, issues and treatment (pp. 409-441). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
40.
Oetting, E. R. , Swaim, R. C., Edwards, R. W., & Beauvais, F. (1989). Indian and Anglo adolescent alcohol use and emotional distress: Path models. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 15 (2), 153-172.
41.
Padilla, E. R. , Padilla, A. M., Morales, A., & Olmedo, E. L. (1979). Inhalant, marijuana, and alcohol abuse among barrio children and adolescents. International Journal of the Addictions, 14 (7), 945-964.
42.
Pandina, R. T. , & Scheule, J. A. (1983). Psychosocial correlates of alcohol and drug use of adolescent students and adolescents in treatment. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 44, 950-973.
43.
Peele, S. (1985). The meaning of addiction. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
44.
Rohrbaugh, J. , & Jessor, R. (1975). Religiosity in youth: A personal control against deviant behavior. Journal of Personality, 43, 136-155.
45.
Spevack, M. , & Pihl, R. O. (1976). Nonmedical drug use by high school students: A three-year survey study. International Journal of the Addictions, 11, 755-792.
46.
Spotts, J. V. , & Shontz, F. C. (1980). A life theme theory of chronic drug abuse. In D. J. Lettieri, M. Sayers, & H. W. Pearson (Eds.), Theories on drug abuse: Selected contemporary perspectives (NIDA Research Monograph No. 30). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
47.
Spotts, J. V. , & Shontz, F. C. (1984a). Drug induced ego states. I. Cocaine: Phenomenology and implications. International Journal of the Addictions, 19, 119-152.
48.
Spotts, J. V. , & Shontz, F. C. (1984b). The phenomenological structure of drug induced states. 11. Barbiturates and sedative hypnotics. International Journal of the Addictions, 19, 295-326.
49.
Streit, F. , Halsted, D. L., & Pascale, P. J. (1974). Differences among youth users and nonusers of drugs based on their perceptions of parental behavior. International Journal of the Addictions, 9, 749-755.
50.
Svobodny, L. A. (1982). Biographical, self-concept, and educational factors among chemically dependent adolescents. Adolescence, 17, 847-853.
51.
Swaim, R. C. (1987). The links from emotional distress to adolescent drug use: A path model (Doctoral dissertation, Colorado State University, 1987). Dissertation Abstracts International, 48, 1523B.
52.
Swaim, R. C. (1991). Childhood risk factors and adolescent drug and alcohol abuse. Educational Psychology Review, 3 (5), 363-398.
53.
Swaim, R. C. , Oetting, E. R., Edwards, R. W., & Beauvais, F. (1989). Links from emotional distress to adolescent drug use: A path model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 227-231.
54.
Tec, N. (1974). Parent-child drug abuse: Generational continuity or adolescent deviancy?Adolescence, 9, 350-364.
55.
Tolone, W. L. , & Dermott, D. (1975). Some correlates of drug use among high school youth in a midwestern rural community. International Journal of the Addictions, 10 (7), 761-777.
56.
Turner, C. J. , & Willis, R. J. (1984). The relationship between self-reported religiosity and drug use by college students. In S. Eiseman, J. Wingard, & G. Huba (Eds.), Drug abuse: Foundation for a psychosocial approach. Farmingdale, NY: Baywood.
