This article presents a method that uses scenarios for the measurement of horizontal (H)and vertical (V) individualism (I) and collectivism (C) across cultures, with university samples. The scenarios were developed by using focus groups, to cover a wide range of social situations often found among university students. Graduate student judges indicated which responses to each scenario represented HI, VI, HC, or VC judgments. When the judges did not agree on these judgments, the scenarios were eliminated. Scenarios that did not distinguish responses obtained from the Illinois and Hong Kong samples were also eliminated. This resulted in a set of 16 scenarios that provide efficient measurement of the constructs. The method converges with a method that uses attitude items.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Bond, M. H. (1994). Continuing encounters with Hong Kong. In W. J. Lonner & R. Malpass (Eds.), Psychology and culture. (pp. 41-47). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
2.
Bond, M. H. , & Smith, P. B. (1996a). Cross-cultural social and organizational psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 205-235.
3.
Bond, R. , & Smith, P. B. (1996b). Culture and conformity: A meta-analysis of studies using Asch's (1952b, 1956) line judgment task. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 111-137.
4.
Brislin, R. W. (1993). Understanding culture's influence on behavior. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace.
5.
Brislin, R. W. , & Yoshida, T. (1994). Intercultural communication training: An introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
6.
Daun, A. (1996). Swedish mentality. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
7.
Earley, P. C. , & Erez, M., (1993). Culture, self-identity, and work. New York: Oxford University Press.
8.
Earley, P. C. , & Erez, M. (Eds.). (1996). New perspectives in international industrial/organizational psychology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
9.
Feather, N. T. (1994). Attitudes toward high achievers and reactions to their fall: Theory and research concerning tall poppies. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. (Vol. 25, pp. 1-73). New York: Academic Press.
10.
Kagitcibasi, C. , & Berry, J. W. (1989). Cross-cultural psychology: Current research and trends. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 493-531.
11.
Kashima, Y. , Yamaguchi, S., Kim, U., Choi, S.-C., Gelfand, M. J., & Yuki, M. (1995). Culture, gender, and self: A perspective from individualism-collectivism research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 925-937.
12.
Kim, U. , Triandis, H. C., Kagitcibasi, C., Choi, S.-C., & Yoon, G. (Eds.). (1994). Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
13.
Landis, D. , & Bhagat, R. (1996). Handbook of intercultural trainin. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
14.
Leung, K. (1987). Some determinants of reactions to procedural models of conflict resolution: A cross-national study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 898-908.
15.
Markus, H. , & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
16.
Morris, M. W. , & Peng, K. P. (1994). Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 949-971.
17.
Siegel, S. (1956). Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. New York: McGraw-Hill.
18.
Singelis, T. , Triandis, H. C., Bhawuk, D., & Gelfand, M. (1995). Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-Cultural Research, 29, 240-275.
19.
Spranger, E. (1928). Types of men. Halle, Germany: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
20.
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview.
21.
Triandis, H. C. , Carnevale, P., Gelfand, M., Probst, T. M., Radhakrishnan, P., Robert, C., Kashima, E., Dragonas, T., Chan, D., Chen, X. P., Kim, U., Kim, K., de Dreu, C., van Fliert, E., Iwao, S., Ohbuchi, K., & Schnitz, P.In preparation. Culture and the use of deception in negotiations.
22.
Triandis, H. C. , Dunnette, M., & Hough, L. (1994). Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. (2nd ed., Vol. 4). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists.
23.
Triandis, H. C. , & Gelfand, M. (in press). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
24.
Weldon, E. (1984). Deindividuation, interpersonal affect, and productivity in laboratory task groups. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 14, 469-485.
