During mineralization, unbound water within the collagen matrix is replaced by apatite. This study tested the null hypothesis that there is no difference in the status of in vitro biomimetic remineralization of hybrid layers, regardless of their moisture contents. Acid-etched dentin was bonded with One-Step with ethanol-wet-bonding, water-wet-bonding, and water-overwet-bonding protocols. Composite-dentin slabs were subjected to remineralization for 1-4 months in a medium containing dual biomimetic analogs, with set Portland cement as the calcium source and characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Remineralization was either non-existent or restricted to the intrafibrillar mode in ethanol-wet-bonded specimens. Extensive intrafibrillar and interfibrillar remineralization was observed in water-wet-bonded specimens. Water-overwet specimens demonstrated partial remineralization of hybrid layers and precipitation of mineralized plates within water channels. The use of ethanol-wet-bonding substantiates that biomimetic remineralization is a progressive dehydration process that replaces residual water in hybrid layers with apatite crystallites.
BeckerTDAgeeKAJoyceAPRueggebergFABorkeJLWallerJL. (2007). Infiltration/evaporation-induced shrinkage of demineralized dentin by solvated model adhesives. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater80:156-165.
2.
BellaJBrodskyBBermanHM (1995). Hydration structure of a collagen peptide. Structure3:893-906.
3.
BonarLCLeesSMookHA (1985). Neutron diffraction studies of collagen in fully mineralized bone. J Mol Biol181:265-270.
4.
BowmanSMGibsonLJHayesWCMcMahonTA (1999). Results from demineralized bone creep tests suggest that collagen is responsible for the creep behavior of bone. J Biomech Eng121:253-258.
5.
CameronILShortNJFullertonGD (2007). Verification of simple hydration/dehydration methods to characterize multiple water compartments on tendon type 1 collagen. Cell Biol Int31:531-539.
6.
CarrilhoMRGeraldeliSTayFde GoesMFCarvalhoRMTjäderhaneL. (2007). In vivo preservation of the hybrid layer by chlorhexidine. J Dent Res86:529-533.
7.
ChesnickIEMasonJTGiuseppettiAAEidelmanNPotterK (2008). Magnetic resonance microscopy of collagen mineralization. Biophys J95:2017-2026.
8.
Fernández-SearaMAWehrliSLTakahashiMWehrliFW (2004). Water content measured by proton-deuteron exchange NMR predicts bone mineral density and mechanical properties. J Bone Miner Res19:289-296.
9.
GowerLB (2008). Biomimetic model systems for investigating the amorphous precursor pathway and its role in biomineralization. Chem Rev11:4551-4627.
10.
HosakaKNishitaniYTagamiJYoshiyamaMBrackettWWAgeeKA. (2009). Durability of resin-dentin bonds to water- vs. ethanol-saturated dentin. J Dent Res88:146-151.
11.
ItoSSaitoTTayFRCarvalhoRMYoshiyamaMPashleyDH (2005). Water content and apparent stiffness of non-caries versus caries-affected human dentin. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater72:109-116.
12.
KimJVaughnRMGuLRickmanRAArolaDDSchaferTE. (2009). Imperfect hybrid layers created by an aggressive one-step self-etch adhesive in primary dentin are amenable to biomimetic remineralization in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A[Epub ahead of print: Sept 18, 2009]. (in press).
13.
KimYKYiuCKYKimJGuLKimSKWellerNR. (2010). Failure of a glass ionomer to remineralize apatite-depleted dentin. J Dent Res. E-pub ahead of print, doi 10.1177/0022034510363665.
14.
LiuGZhaoDTomsiaAPMinorAMSongXSaizE (2009). Three-dimensional biomimetic mineralization of dense hydrogel templates. J Am Chem Soc131:9937-9939.
15.
MagneDWeissPBoulerJMLabouxODaculsiG (2001). Study of the maturation of the organic (type I collagen) and mineral (nonstoichiometric apatite) constituents of a calcified tissue (dentin) as a function of location: a Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopic investigation. J Bone Miner Res16:750-757.
16.
MaiSKimYKToledanoMBreschiLLingJQPashleyDH. (2009). Phosphoric acid esters cannot replace polyvinylphosphonic acid as phosphoprotein analogs in biomimetic remineralization of resin-bonded dentin. Dent Mater25:1230-1239.
17.
MeyerJLEanesED (1978). A thermodynamic analysis of the amorphous to crystalline calcium phosphate transformation. Caclif Tissue Res25:59-68.
18.
MilesCAGhelashviliM (1999). Polymer-in-a-box mechanism for the thermal stabilization of collagen molecules in fibers. Biophys J76:3243-3252.
NakajimaMOkudaMPereiraPNTagamiJPashleyDH (2002). Dimensional changes and ultimate tensile strengths of wet decalcified dentin applied with one-bottle adhesives. Dent Mater18:603-608.
21.
NallaRKKinneyJHTomsiaAPRitchieRO (2006). Role of alcohol in the fracture resistance of teeth. J Dent Res85:1022-1026.
22.
NishitaniYYoshiyamaMDonnellyAMAgeeKASwordJTayFR. (2006). Effects of resin hydrophilicity on dentin bond strength. J Dent Res85:1016-1021.
23.
PashleyDHNakabayashiN (1998). Hybridization of dental hard tissues. Tokyo: Quintessence Publishing Co. Ltd.
24.
PashleyDHAgeeKAWatahaJCRueggebergFCeballosLItouK. (2003). Viscoelastic properties of demineralized dentin matrix. Dent Mater19:700-706.
25.
PashleyDHTayFRYiuCHashimotoMBreschiLCarvalhoRM. (2004). Collagen degradation by host-derived enzymes during aging. J Dent Res83:216-221.
26.
PashleyDHTayFRCarvalhoRMRueggebergFAAgeeKACarrilhoM. (2007). From dry bonding to water-wet bonding to ethanol-wet bonding. A review of the interactions between dentin matrix and solvated resins using a macromodel of the hybrid layer. Am J Dent20:7-20.
27.
RamachandranGNChandrasekharanR (1968). Interchain hydrogen bonds via bound water molecules in the collagen triple helix. Biopolymers6:1649-1658.
28.
SadekFTPashleyDHFerrariMTayFR (2007). Tubular occlusion optimizes bonding of hydrophobic resins to dentin. J Dent Res86:524-528.
TayFRPashleyDHHiraishiNImazatoSRueggebergFASalzU. (2005a). Tubular occlusion prevents water-treeing and through-and-through fluid movement in a single-bottle, one-step self-etch adhesive model. J Dent Res84:891-896.
31.
TayFRPashleyDHSuhBIHiraishiNYiuCK (2005b). Water treeing in simplified dentin adhesives—déjà vu?Oper Dent30:561-579.
32.
TayFRPashleyDHKapurRRCarrilhoMRHurYBGarrettLV. (2007). Bonding BisGMA to dentin—a proof of concept for hydrophobic dentin bonding. J Dent Res86:1034-1039.
33.
ToroianDLimJEPricePA (2007). The size exclusion characteristics of type I collagen: implications for the role of noncollagenous bone constituents in mineralization. J Biol Chem282:22437-22447.
34.
TraoreAFoucatLRenouJP (2000). 1H-NMR study of water dynamics in hydrated collagen: transverse relaxation-time and diffusion analysis. Biopolymers53:476-483.
35.
VaidyanathanTKVaidyanathanJ (2009). Recent advances in the theory and mechanism of adhesive resin bonding to dentin: a critical review. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater88:558-578.
36.
WehrliFWFernández-SearaMA (2005). Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of bone water. Ann Biomed Eng33:79-86.
37.
ZhangDChippadaUJordanK (2007). Effect of the structural water on the mechanical properties of collagen-like microfibrils: a molecular dynamics study. Ann Biomed Eng35:1216-1230.
