Calcyclin (S100A6) Binding Protein (CacyBP) Is Highly Expressed in Brain Neurons

Antibodies

Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits. Recombinant GST–CacyBP fusion protein was expressed in E. coli as described by Filipek and Kuźnicki (1998). Before injection, the protein was purified on glutathione–Sepharose beads following the procedure outlined by the manufacturer (Pharmacia; Uppsala, Sweden) and eluted with 10 mM reduced glutathione. Additional purification was achieved by elution from the nitrocellulose as described by Szewczyk and Summers (1988). About 0.2 mg of GST–CacyBP was injected with complete Freund's adjuvant and then, after 4 weeks, the same amount of antigen emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant was injected. Serum was collected 4 weeks after the second injection and was stored at −70C.

Tissue Extracts

Various rat tissues, as well as parts of the brain such as hippocampus, cerebellum, cortex, and striatum, were homogenized using a Polytron at 6000 rpm in a solution containing 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 10 mg/liter leupeptin, 5 mg/liter aprotinin, 20 mg/liter soybean trypsin inhibitor, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 40 mM Tris, adjusted to pH 7.5 with HCl. The extracts were centrifuged for 1 hr at 4C and 12,000 rpm in an Eppendorf centrifuge. The supernatants were subjected to SDS-PAGE. In all studies that employed animals, the rules established by the Ethical Committee on Animal Research of the Nencki Institute and based on disposition of the President of Polish Republic were strictly followed.

Electrophoresis and Immunoblotting

Gel electrophoresis with 15% (w/v) polyacrylamide containing 0.1% SDS was performed by the method of Laemmli (1970). Proteins separated by SDS-PAGE were transferred electrophoretically to nitrocellulose and CacyBP was detected with serum containing specific polyclonal antibodies diluted 1:1000. Then the blots were allowed to react with secondary antibodies conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, diluted 1:1000 (Sigma; St Louis, MO). Blots were developed with chloronaphthol and H₂O₂.

Northern Blots

RNA was prepared from various rat tissues using an RNA purification kit obtained from Strategene (La Jolla, CA) and applied on a 1.2% agarose gel in the presence of formaldehyde. Ethidium bromide staining showed similar amounts of RNA in each lane. For detection of CacyBP mRNA, a specific cDNA probe (0.9-kb fragment cDNA between 26 and 931 bp of the original clone) was labeled with [³²P]-deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate ([³²P]-dCTP) according to the method of Feinberg and Vogelstein (1983) using the rediprime random primer labeling kit (Amersham Life Science; Poole, UK). Prehybridization and hybridization were performed at 42C. Filters were washed three times for 5 min each in 2 × SSC and 0.2% SDS at room temperature, followed by two 25-min washes at 65C in 0.25 × SSC and 0.2% SDS. The filters were subjected to autoradiography for 48 hr with Amersham film at −70C.

Measurement of CacyBP Concentration in Rat Brain

The proteins from the supernatant fractions of a total brain and cerebellum obtained after centrifugation at 12,000 × g in an Eppendorf centrifuge were separated by 15% SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose filters under the conditions described above. Protein concentration was estimated by Bradford's procedure (BioRad reagent; Hercules, CA) with bovine serum albumin as a standard. The intensity of bands identified by the CacyBP antibody were estimated on films after developing the blots with a chemiluminescent kit (Kirkegaard & Perry Laboratories; Gaithersburg, MD). Different time exposures from two independent blots were used for optical density measurements using a Molecular Dynamics (Sunnyvale, CA) densitometer. The concentration of CacyBP expressed in brain and cerebellum was calculated using different amounts of native CacyBP purified as described by Filipek and Wojda (1996) as a quantitative standard.

Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemical studies were performed on the rat brain sections. The brain was snap-frozen on dry ice, sliced into 20-μm sections with a cryostat (Reichert–Jung), melted onto slides covered with poly-l-lysine, and stored at −70C. Then the sections were fixed for 15 min with 4% paraformaldehyde. After washing, the aldehyde groups were reduced by treating the sections for 10 min with 5% NaBH₄ in H₂O. Sections were washed three times with PBS (pH 7.4), incubated for 20 min with 0.3% H₂O₂ in PBS, washed twice in PBS, then incubated with 5% bovine serum albumin for 30 min, washed with PBS, and incubated overnight at 4C with serum containing the antibodies against CacyBP diluted 1:2500 in PBS and 3% bovine serum albumin. After washing (three times for 10 min in PBS), the distribution of CacyBP was visualized by incubation with secondary antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase, diluted 1:1000 in PBS and 2% bovine serum albumin. Sections were washed five times for 10 min in PBS and color development was performed with PBS containing 0.5 mg/ml diaminobenzidine, 0.024% cobalt chloride, and 0.02% nickel ammonium sulfate for 5 min. Then H₂O₂ was added to 0.005% and the incubation was prolonged for another 10 min. The first washing was performed in PBS containing 0.024% cobalt chloride and 0.02% nickel ammonium sulfate for 5 min and the next four washes with PBS only. Control sections were incubated with preimmune serum or with PBS. After the reaction was complete, the sections were dehydrated in ethanol steps and mounted. The sections were analyzed with the use of a computer-assisted image analysis system, MCID 4.

In Situ Hybridization

For in situ hybridization analysis (Konopka et al. 1995), brains were dissected and immediately frozen on dry ice as described above. The cryostat sections (20 μm) were prepared and fixed in 4% cold paraformaldehyde in PBS, dehydrated, and prehybridized for 2 hr at 37C in a buffer containing 50% formamide, 2 × SSC, 1 × Denhardt's solution, 200 μg/ml salmon sperm DNA, and 20 mM dithiothreitol. Next, the sections were hybridized overnight in the above solution containing 10% dextran sulfate and α³⁵S-labeled cDNA (0.9 kb fragment cDNA between 26 and 931 bp of the original clone) as a probe at 37C. The sections were washed for 15 min and then for 1 hr in 50% formamide, 2 × SSC at room temperature. Then the sections were exposed for 2 weeks against β-Max Hyperfilm (Amersham). The autoradiograph was analyzed with the aid of the PC-based computer program ProVision.

Tissue Distribution of CacyBP in the Rat

The immune serum was generated against GST–CacyBP fusion protein. Therefore, it contained antibodies against both GST and CacyBP. When immune serum was preabsorbed with CacyBP, it stained only recombinant GST (Figure 1A), but when it was preabsorbed with GST, staining only of purified CacyBP was seen (Figure 1B). Neither GST nor CacyBP was stained on the blots incubated with preimmune serum (not shown). The immune serum recognized only one band of molecular weight 30,000 in the brain extract (Figure 1C). As shown in Figure 1D, this band migrates at the same level as the CacyBP purified from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and recombinant CacyBP obtained after removing of GST. Thus, despite the fact that immune serum represents a mixture of antibodies specific to both CacyBP and GST, it does not stain proteins other than CacyBP in the brain extract. Therefore, it could be used for immunohistochemical localization in this tissue.

When various rat tissues were tested with the immune serum, the 30,000 immunoreactive protein band was found mainly in the brain, liver, spleen, and stomach (Figure 2A). A moderate level of CacyBP was found in lung and kidney, but in heart and skeletal muscle a band with higher molecular weight (~38,000) was stained. This higher molecular weight protein stained by immune serum may represent a new muscle-specific isoform of CacyBP. However, Northern blotting with the CacyBP cDNA probe (Figure 2B) showed that in all tissues examined a band at the same level (1.8 kb) was observed. The highest mRNA level of CacyBP was found in the brain and a good correlation between the CacyBP protein and its mRNA is observed in this tissue. There was not such a good correlation in the protein and mRNA level in other tissues, such as spleen, liver, stomach, and lung.

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Figure 1

Specificity of CacyBP antibodies estimated by Western blotting (A,B) Western blots stained with immune serum containing GST and CacyBP antibodies preabsorbed with CacyBP or with GST, respectively. (C) Western blot stained with immune serum containing GST and CacyBP antibodies. (D) Coomassie blue staining. Brain extract, 250 μg of protein from the supernatant fraction of the rat brain; native CacyBP, native CacyBP purified from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells; recombinant CacyBP, recombinant CacyBP purified from E. coli; GST, purified glutathione-S-transferase. Purified protein 0.3 μg was applied on each line in A–C and 3 μg in D. Positions of low molecular mass standard (BioRad) are indicated at right.

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Figure 2

Distribution of CacyBP in various rat tissues. (A) Western blot with protein extracts after reaction with immune serum containing antibodies against CacyBP and GST. (B) Northern blot with total RNAs hybridized with a specific cDNA probe. (C) Total RNA staining. Each lane contained the same amount of protein (250 μg) or the same amount of RNA (10 μg). Low molecular mass standards (BioRad) are indicated at right.

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Figure 3

Level of CacyBP in different parts of the brain. (A) Western blot with extracts from different parts of the rat brain after reaction with immune serum-containing antibodies against CacyBP and GST. (B) Northern blot hybridized with a specific cDNA probe. (C) Total RNA staining. Each lane contained the same amount of protein (125 μg) or the same amount of total RNA (5 μg).

CacyBP Level in Different Parts of Rat Brain

Because CacyBP appears to be expressed predominantly in the brain, we employed Western blotting to analyze its level in different parts of the brain. A nitrocellulose blot containing equal amounts of proteins derived from the soluble fraction of cerebellum, hippocampus, cortex, and striatum was incubated with immune serum containing specific polyclonal antibodies. As shown in Figure 3A, a high level of CacyBP was found in the cerebellum and hippocampus and a low level in the cortex. No positive reaction was seen in the striatum. Similar results were obtained by Northern blotting, confirming the different expression level of CacyBP in various brain regions (Figure 3B).

Estimation of CacyBP Concentration in Rat Brain and Cerebellum

To estimate the concentration of CacyBP, the proteins from the supernatant fraction derived from total brain and cerebellum were blotted from SDS-PAGE onto nitrocellulose and CacyBP was detected with an immune serum containing specific polyclonal antibodies. Different amounts (3 μg, 15 μg, and 75 μg) of total brain and cerebellum protein were loaded onto the gel. Densitometric analysis of bands from the Western blot containing a known amount of CacyBP were used to obtain a calibration curve from which the amount of CacyBP was calculated (not shown). It was found that the CacyBP concentrations in the soluble fractions of total brain and cerebellum were 0.17 and 0.34 ng/μg protein, respectively.

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Figure 4

Overall distribution of CacyBP in developing rat brain. Horizontal sections were subjected to in situ hybridization and exposed to X-ray film. (Inset) CacyBP immunoreactivity in adult rat brain. Cb, cerebellum; Ctx, cortex; DG, dentate gyrus; EGL, external granule cell layer; Ent, entorhinal cortex; Gr, granule cell layer; IGL, internal granule cell layer; P7, 14, 21, 28, postnatal Days 7, 14, 21, 28, respectively. Bar = 4 mm.

Cell-specific Expression of CacyBP in Rat Brain

To identify the CacyBP-positive cells, we employed both in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Cryostat sections of adult rat brain, as well as brains at different stages of development, were hybridized with a α³⁵S-labeled cDNA probe. As shown in Figure 4, a high level of expression was observed in the entorhinal cortex (Ent) at P7 (postnatal day 7). At P14 and later until adulthood, no obvious differences in the mRNA level in cortical regions could be seen. The expression was quite uniform throughout the thickness of the cortex (Ctx). No laminar pattern of CacyBP mRNA expression could be revealed. In cerebellum (Cb) at P14, a high level of mRNA was observed in the internal granule cell layer (IGL) and disappeared in the external granule cell layer (EGL). At P21, a marked increase of CacyBP mRNA expression was seen in the granule cells (Gr). This increase was transient; expression declined and reached an adult level as early as P28. In hippocampus, the specific mRNA was present in all fields of Ammon's horn and dentate gyrus (DG). No clear developmental changes of either pattern or intensity of labeling were observed. The immunoreactivity pattern was similar to that obtained with in situ hybridization. Slight differences were observed in the hippocampus, in which the most intense staining was seen in the CA3 region, whereas in situ hybridization revealed the highest level of CacyBP mRNA in the dentate gyrus.

The high-magnification micrographs demonstrated that, in the dentate gyrus, CacyBP-immunopositive cells were neurons located in the granule cell layer (Gr). Many immunopositive cells were also found in the polymorphic cell layer (Po) (Figure 5A). In the CA1 field of the hippocampus, virtually all pyramidal layer neurons (Py) were immunostained (Figure 5C). Some cells in the molecular layer (M) were also positive (Figure 5C, arrow). Pyramidal neurons (Py) of the CA3 region were very intensely stained (Figure 5D), but cells located outside the pyramidal layer were also clearly positive (Figure 5D, arrow).

In the cerebellum, the most intense immunostaining was found in Purkinje cells (Pu) (Figure 5B). A lower level of immunoreactivity was observed in granule cells (Gr). In the neocortex, no specific layer was distinguished. Positive cells were both pyramidal and nonpyramidal in shape and were uniformly distributed (Figure 5E). In all experiments, control sections were incubated with preimmune serum or with PBS and no positive reaction was observed (not shown).

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Figure 5

Light micrographs of CacyBP-immunostained horizontal sections of rat brain. (A) Dentate gyrus; note prominent immunostaining in granule cell layer neurons (Gr) and in polymorphic cell layer neurons (Po). (B) Cerebellum; CacyBP immunoreactivity is mainly localized in Purkinje cells (Pu) and also in granule cells (Gr). (C) CA1 field of hippocampus; CacyBP immunoreactivity can be seen in pyramidal neurons (Py) and single immunopositive cells in the molecular layer (M, arrow). (D) CA3 field of hippocampus; intense immunostaining can be seen in the pyramidal cell layer (Py) and outside this layer (arrow). (E) Immunopositive cells (often pyramidal in shape) are uniformly distributed throughout Layers 1, 2/3, 4, 5, and 6 of the cortex. Bars = 200 μm.