Axelrod, S.The effects of early blindness: Performance of blind and sighted children on tactile and auditory tasks. American Foundation for the Blind Research Series: No. 7, 1959.
2.
Bahrick, H.P., & Boucher, B.Retention of visual and verbal codes of the same stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1968, 78, 417-422.
3.
Bartlett, F.C.Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1932.
4.
Bernbach, H.A.The effect of labels on short-term memory for colours in nursery school children . Psychonomic Science, 1967, 3, 149-150.
5.
Bower, G.H.Mental imagery and associative learning. Paper presented at the Fifth Annual Symposium on Cognition, Pittsburgh, 1969.
6.
Brooks, L.R.The suppression of visualisation by reading. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1967, 19, 289-299.
7.
Brooks, L.R.Spatial and verbal components of the act of recall. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 1968, 22, 349-368.
8.
Brooks, L.R.An extension of the conflict between visualisation and reading. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1970 , 22, 91-96.
9.
Bruner, J.S.The course of cognitive growth. American Psychologist , 1964, 19, 1-15.
10.
Bugelski, B.R., Kidd, E., & Segmen, J.Images as mediators in one-trial paired-associate learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1968, 76, 69-73.
11.
Calkins, M.W.A study of immediate and delayed recall of the concrete and the visual . Psychological Review, 1898, 5, 451-456.
12.
Carmean, S.L., & Weir, M.W.Effects of verbalisation on discrimination learning and retention . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 1967, 6, 545-550.
13.
Carmichael, L., Hogan, H.P., & Walter, A.A.An experimental study of the effect of language on the reproduction of visually perceived form. Journal of Experimental Psychology , 1932, 15, 73-86.
14.
Carroll, J.B.Language and thought. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964.
15.
Cermak, G., Schnorr, J., & Buschke, H.Word recognition as a function of spelling direction during study and test . Psychonomic Science, 1970, 21, 127-128.
16.
Champion, R.A.Learning and activatlon. Sydney: John Wiley, 1969.
17.
Christie, G.Children's recognition memory for name and picture stimuli. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1970 .
18.
Clark, H.J.Recognition memory for random shapes as a function of complexity, association value and delay. Journal of Experimental Psychology , 1965, 69, 590-595.
19.
Clarke, A.M., Cooper, G.M., & Clarke, A.D.B.Task complexity and transfer in the development of cognitive structures. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 1967, 5, 562-576.
20.
Coates, B., & Hartup, W.W.Age and verbalisation in observational learning. Developmental Psychology, 1969, 1, 556-562.
21.
Cohen, R.L.The effect of verbal labels on the recall of a visually perceived simple figure: Recognition versus reproduction. Perceptual and Motor Skills , 1966, 23, 859-862.
22.
Cohen, R.L., & Granström, K.The role of verbalising in the memorising of conventional figures . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 1968, 7, 380-383.
23.
Conrad, R.The effect of vocalising on comprehension in the profoundly deaf. British Journal of Psychology, 1971, 62, 147-150.
24.
Corsini, D.A.Developmental changes in the effect of non-verbal cues on retention . Developmental Psychology, 1969, 1, 425-435. (a)
25.
Corsini, D.A.Developmental changes in the use of different stimulus cues for retention . Unpublished paper, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 1969. (b)
26.
Crowder, R.G.The role of one's own voice in immediate memory. Cognitive Psychology, 1970, 1, 157-178.
27.
Dallet, K., & Wilcox, S.G.Remembering pictures versus remembering descriptions. Psychonomic Science, 1968, 11, 139-140.
28.
Dallet, K., Wilcox, S.G., & D'Andrea, L.Picture memory experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology , 1968, 76, 312-320.
29.
Davies, G.M.Recognition memory for pictured and named objects. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1969, 7, 448-458.
30.
Davies, G.M.Names, imagery and retention: An experimental investigation. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Hull, England, 1970.
31.
Davies, G.M.Children's memory for name and picture stimuli. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, in press.
32.
Dilley, M.G., & Paivio, A.Pictures and words as stimulus and response items in paired-associate learning in young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 1968, 6, 231-240.
33.
Dominowski, R.L., & Gadlin, H.Imagery and paired-associate learning. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 1968, 22, 336-348.
34.
Ducharme, R., & Fraisse, P.Étude génétique de la mémorisation de mots et d'images. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 1965, 19, 253-261.
35.
Dukes, W.F., & Bastian, J.Recall of abstract and concrete words equated on meaningfulness. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 1966, 5, 455-458.
36.
Ernest, C.H., & Paivio, A.Imagery and sex differences in incidental recall. British Journal of Psychology, 1971, 62, 67-72.
37.
Flavell, J.H.Developmental studies in mediated memory. In H. W. Reese and L. P. Lipsitt (Eds.), Advances in child development and behaviour, No. 5, New York: Academic Press, 1970.
Hall, J.F.The psychology of learning. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1966.
43.
Hollenberg, C.K.Functions of visual imagery in the learning and concept formation of children . Child Development, 1970, 41, 1003-1015.
44.
Horowitz, A.B.Effects of stimulus presentation modes on children's recall and clustering . Psychonomic Science, 1969, 14, 297-298.
45.
Huttenlocher, J.Constructing spatial images: A strategy in reasoning. Psychological Review, 1968, 75, 550-560.
46.
Jenkin, A.M.Imagery and learning. British Journal of Psychology , 1935, 26, 149-164.
47.
Jenkins, J.R., Neale, D. C., & Deno, A. L. Differential memory for picture and word stimuli. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1967, 58, 303-307.
48.
Kaplan, S., Kaplan, R., & Sampson, J.R.Encoding and arousal factors in free recall of verbal and visual material . Psychonomic Science, 1968, 12, 73-74.
49.
Kirkpatrick, A.E.An experimental study of memory. Psychological Review , 1893, 1, 602-609.
50.
Koen, F.Verbal and non-verbal mediators in recognition memory for complex visual stimuli . Studies in Language Behaviour, 1969, 8, 376-385.
51.
Kuhlmann, F.On analysis of memory consciousness for pictures of familiar objects . American Journal of Psychology, 1907, 18, 389-420.
52.
Kurtz, K.H., & Hovland, C.I.The effect of verbalisation during observation of stimulus objects upon accuracy of recognition and recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology , 1953, 45, 157-164.
53.
Lieberman, L.R., & Culpepper, J.T.Words versus objects: Comparison of free verbal recall. Psychological Reports, 1965 , 17, 983-988.
54.
London, P., & Robinson, J.P.Imagination in learning and retention. Child Development, 1968, 39, 803-815.
55.
Meudell, P.Retrieval and representations in long-term memory. Psychonomic Science, 1971, 23, 295-296.
56.
Murray, D.J.Vocalisation-at-presentation and immediate recall, with varying recall methods . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1966, 18, 9-18.
57.
Murray, D.J., & Roberts, B.Visual and auditory presentation, presentation rate and short term memory in children. British Journal of Psychology, 1968, 59, 119-125.
58.
Nickerson, R.S.Short-term memory for complex meaningful visual configurations: A demonstration of capacity. Canadian Journal of Psychology , 1965, 19, 150-160.
59.
Nickerson, R.S.A note on long-term recognition memory for pictorial material. Psychonomic Science, 1968, 11, 58-59.
60.
O'Brien, G.L., & Carmean, S.L.Verbalising and writing as auxiliary responses during discrimination learning . Psychonomic Science, 1967, 9, 335-336.
61.
Osgood, C.E.Method and theory in experimental psychology, New York : Oxford University Press, 1953.
62.
Paivio, A.Mental imagery in associative learning and memory. Psychological Review, 1969, 76, 241-263.
63.
Paivio, A.Imagery and verbal processes. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, in press.
64.
Paivio, A., & Csapo, K.Concrete image and verbal memory codes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1969, 80, 279-285.
65.
Paivio, A., Rogers, T.B., & Smythe, P.C.Why are pictures easier to recall than words? Psychonomic Science, 1968, 11, 137-138.
66.
Paivio, A., Yuille, J.C., & Madigan, S.Concreteness, imagery and meaningfulness values for 925 nouns. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1968, 76, (1 Pt 2).
67.
Paivio, A., Yuille, J.C., & Rogers, T.C.Noun imagery and meaningfulness in free and serial recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1969, 79, 509-514.
68.
Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B.The early growth of logic in the child. London : Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964 .
69.
Posner, M.I.Representational systems for storing information in memory. In G. Talland & N. Waugh (Eds.), The pathology of human memory. New York: Academic Press, 1969.
70.
Poulton, E.C., & Brown, C.H.Memory after reading aloud and reading silently. British Journal of Psychology, 1967, 58, 219-222.
71.
Prentice, W.C.H.Visual recognition of verbally labeled figures. American Journal of Psychology, 1954, 67, 315-320.
72.
Price, H.H.Thinking and experience. London: Hutchinson, 1953.
73.
Prytulak, L.S.Natural language mediation. Cognitive Psychology, 1971, 2, 1-56.
74.
Ranken, H.B.Language and thinking: Positive and negative aspects of learning. Science, 1963, 141, 48-50.(a)
75.
Ranken, H.B.Effects of name learning on serial learning, position learning and recognition learning with random shapes. Psychological Reports , 1963, 13, 663-678.(b)
76.
Reese, H.W.Verbal mediation as a function of age level. Psychological Bulletin, 1962, 59, 502-509.
77.
Reese, H.W.Imagery in paired-associate learning in children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1965, 2, 290-296.
78.
Reese, H.W.Imagery and contextual meaning. In H. W. Reese (Chm.), Imagery in children's learning: A symposium . Psychological Bulletin, 1970, 73, 404-414.
79.
Rey, A.Sollicitation de la mémoire de fixation par des mots et des objets présentés simultanément. Archives de Psychologies, 1959 , 37, 126-139.
80.
Richardson, A.Mental imagery. New York: Springer , 1969.
81.
Riley, D.A.Memory for form. In L. Postman (Ed.), Psychology in the making. New York: Knopf, 1962.
82.
Robinson, J.P.Effects of verbal and imaginal learning on recognition, free recall, and aided recall tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology , 1970, 86, 115-117.
83.
Rock, I.A neglected aspect of the problem of recall: The Höffding function . In J. Scher (Ed.), Theories of the mind. New York: Free Press , 1966.
84.
Rosenbaum, M.E.The effect of direct and vicarious verbalisation on retention. Child Development, 1962, 33, 103-110.
85.
Rosenbaum, M.E.The effect of verbalisation of correct responses by performers and observers on retention. Child Development, 1967, 38, 615-622.
86.
Ross, B.M., & Youniss, J.Ordering of non-verbal items in children's recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1969, 8, 20-32.
Sampson, J.R.Free recall of verbal and non-verbal stimuli. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1970, 22, 215-221.
89.
Scott, K.G.Clustering with perceptual and symbolic stimuli in free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 1967, 6, 864-866.
90.
Senf, G.M.Development of immediate memory for bisensory stimuli in normal children and children with learning disorders. Developmental Psychology Monograph, 1969, 1, (6 pt. 2).
91.
Shepard, R.N.Learning and recall as organisation and search. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 1966, 5, 201-204.
92.
Shepard, R.N.Recognition memory for words, sentences and pictures. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 1967, 6, 156-163.
93.
Standing, L., Canezzio, J., & Haber, R.N.Perception and memory for pictures: Single trial learning of 2,500 visual stimuli. Psychonomic Science, 1970, 19, 73-74.
94.
Tulving, E.Theoretical issues in free recall. In T. R. Dixon & D. L. Horton (Eds.), Verbal behaviour and general behaviour theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1968.
95.
Underwood, B.J.Attributes of memory. Psychological Review, 1969, 76, 559-573.
96.
Vinache, W.E.The psychology of thinking. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1952.
97.
Walker, H.J.Interaction of imagery, associative overlap, and category membership in multitrial free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology , 1971, 88, 333-339.
98.
Wallach, H., & Averbach, F.On memory modalities. American Journal of Psychology , 1955, 68, 249-257.
Wickens, D.D., & Engle, R.W.Imagery and abstractness in short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1970, 84, 268-272.
101.
Wicker, F.W.Photographs, drawings and nouns as stimuli in paired-associate learning . Psychonomic Science, 1970, 18, 205-206.
102.
Winnick, W.A., & Kressel, K.Tachistoscopic recognition thresholds, paired-associate learning, and immediate recall as a function of abstractnessconcreteness and word frequency . Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1965 , 70, 163-168.