This study explores subjects' responses in terms of emotion and attitude to native and foreign intonation patterns across four major sentence types. The goal of the experiment was to ascertain whether there would be a significant change in the judgment of a selection of ten emotions and attitudes with a change of intonation, while keeping other phonetic factors constant. Two languages and two groups of native speakers, English and Russian, were chosen for the experiments. The pattern of interactions from the analyses of variance for each of the ten measures indicates that English and Russian speaking subjects show a similar tripartite grouping of nine of the emotions/attitudes into Positive, Negative, and Passive types. One variable, namely SURPRISED, exhibits a different pattern of means between the two language groups. Within each emotion/attitude, sentence types are differentially rated for each level of intonation condition (native or foreign) in both Russian and English experiments. In general, English speakers are found to be more sensitive to foreign intonation. The most significant difference between intonations is recorded by English speakers' judgments of the Negative emotions/attitudes, with Russian intonation consistently rated as more Negative.
Artemov, V.A. (1953). K voprosu ob intonacii russkogo jazyka. Uchënye zapiski I-ogo Moskovskogo pedagogicheskogo instituta inostrannyx fazykov, 6, 9–54.
2.
Baker, W.J., Hogan, J.T., and Rozsypal, A.J. (1988). Response coincidence analysis: A technique for assessing individual differences in response styles. Journal of Phonetics, 16, 401–416.
3.
Bolinger, D. (1986). Intonation and Its Parts: Melody in Spoken English.Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
4.
Bolinger, D. (1989). Intonation and Its Uses: Melody in Grammar and Discourse.Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
5.
Bray, J.H., and Maxwell, S.E. (1988). Multivariate Analysis of Variance.Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Bryzgunova, E.A. (1977). Zvuki i intonacija russkoj rechi.Moskva: Russkij jazyk.
8.
Couper-Kuhlen, E. (1986). An Introduction to English Prosody.London: Edward Arnold Ltd.
9.
Cruttenden, A. (1986). Intonation.Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
10.
Crystal, D. (1969). Prosodic Systems and Intonation in English.Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
11.
Davitz, J.R., and Davitz, L.J. (1959). The communication of feeling by content-free speech. Journal of Communication, 9, 6–13.
12.
Goldbeck, T., Tolkmitt, F., and Scherer, K.R. (1988). Experimental studies in vocal communication. In K.R. Scherer (ed.), Facets of Emotion: Recent Research (pp. 119–137). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
13.
Hall, R.J., Jr. (1964). Introductory Linguistics.Philadelphia: Chilton Books.
14.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1967). Intonation and Grammar in British English.The Hague: Mouton.
15.
Johns-Lewis, C. (ed.) (1986). Intonation in Discourse.London: Croom Helm Ltd.
16.
Jones, D., and Ward, D. (1969). The Phonetics of Russian.Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Ladd, D.R. (1980). The Structure of Intonational Meaning.Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
20.
Ladd, D.R. (1983). Phonological features of intonational peaks. Language, 59, 721–759.
21.
Ladd, D.R., Silverman, K.E., Tolkmitt, F., Bergmann, G., and Scherer, K.R. (1985). Evidence for the independent function of intonation contour type, voice quality, and Fo range in signaling speaker affect. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 78, 435–444.
22.
Ladefoged, P. (1982). A Course in Phonetics.New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.
23.
Lake, J. (1982). Russian and English general question intonation. Russian Language Journal, 36, 113–119.
24.
Leed, R.L. (1965). A contrastive analysis of Russian and English intonation contours. Slavic and East European Journal, 9, 62–65.
25.
Liberman, M. (1979). The Intonational System of English.New York: Garland.
26.
Lieberman, P., and Michaels, S.B. (1962). Some aspects of fundamental frequency and envelope amplitude as related to the emotional content of speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 34, 922–927.
O'Connor, J.D., and Arnold, G.I. (1973). Intonation in Colloquial English.London: Longman's.
32.
Oller, J.W., Jr., Prapphal, K., and Byler, M. (1982). Measuring Affective Factors in Language Learning.Singapore: Seameo Regional Language Centre.
33.
Peshkovskij, S.M. (1928). Intonacija i grammatika. Izvestija po russkomu jazyku i slovesnosti, 2, 458–476.
34.
Peter, M. (1955). Melodika voprositel'nogo predlozhenija. Studia Slavica, 245--259.
35.
Pike, K.L. (1945). The Intonation of American English.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
36.
Rimé, B., and Giovannini, D. (1986). The physiological patterns of reported emotional states. In K.R. Scherer, H.G. Wallbott, and A.B. Summerfield (eds.), Experiencing Emotion: A Cross-Cultural Study (pp. 84–97). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
37.
Romportl, M. (1962). Zvukovy rozbor rustiny.Praha: Universita Karlova.
38.
Scherer, K.R., Ladd, D.R., and Silverman, K.E. (1984). Vocal cues to speaker affect: Testing two models. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 76, 1346–1356.
39.
Scherer, K.R., Wallbott, H.G., Matsumoto, D., and Kudoh, T. (1988). Emotional experience in cultural context: A comparison between Europe, Japan, and the United States. In K.R. Scherer (ed.), Facets of Emotion: Recent Research (pp. 5–56). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
40.
Scuffil, M. (1982). Experiments in Comparative Intonation.Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
Zuckerman, M., Lipets, M.S., Koivrimaki, J.H., and Rosenthal, R. (1985). Encoding and decoding nonverbal cues of emotion. Journal of Personality and Sociology, 6, 1068–1076.
