Influence of Age,Sex,Balance,and Sport Participation on Development of Sidearm Striking by Children Grades K

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of age, sex, balance, and sport participation on development of sidearm-striking by children in Grades K through 8. Each of 380 boys and 337 girls (ages 4–14 years), enrolled in a medium-size school system in southeastern Maine, was individually assessed on side-arm-striking and on static and dynamic balance. All subjects completed a survey relative to their participation in school or community-sponsored sports. To assess the independent effects of age, sex, static balance, dynamic balance, and sport participation within each grade, data were subjected to multiple-regression analysis. Development of mature striking was associated with sex; boys performed better at all grades except in Grade 5 where the percentage of girls showing a mature sidearm-striking pattern approximated that of boys.

References

Bruininks

R. H.

(1978) Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.

Butterfield

S. A.

, & Loovis

E. M.

(1993) Influence of age, sex, balance, and sport participation on development of throwing by children in Grades K-8. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76, 459–464.

Gabbard

(1992) Lifelong motor development. Dubuque, IA: Brown.

Gallahue

D. L.

(1982) Understanding motor development in children. New York: Wiley.

Griffin

P. S.

(1984) Girls’ participation patterns in a middle school team sports unit. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 4, 30–38.

Halverson

, Roberton

M. A.

, & Harper

C. J.

(1973) Current research in motor development. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 6, 56–70.

Johnson

(1962) Measurements of achievement in fundamental skills of elementary school children. Research Quarterly, 33, 94–104.

Kuhlman

J. S.

, & Beitel

P. A.

(1987) Pattern of relationships of coincidence anticipation with age, gender, and depth of sport experience. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 303 424)

Loovis

E. M.

, & Butterfield

S. A.

(1993) Influence of age, sex, balance, and sport participation on development of catching by Grades K-8. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77, 1267–1273.

10.

Loovis

E. M.

, & Ersing

W. F.

(1979) Assessing and programming gross motor development for children. (2nd ed.) Bloomington, IN: College Town Press.

11.

Seefeldt

, & Haubenstricker

(1982) Patterns, phases, or stages: an analytical model for the study of developmental movement. In Kelso

J. A. S.

, & Clark

J. E.

(Eds.), The development of movement control and co-ordination. New York: Wiley. Pp. 309–318.

12.

Seils

(1951) The relationship between measures of physical growth and gross motor performance of primary-grade children. Research Quarterly, 22, 244–260.

13.

Ulrich

B. D.

, & Ulrich

D. A.

(1985) The role of balance in performance of fundamental motor skills in 3, 4, and 5 year-old children. In Clark

J. E.

, & Humphrey

J. H.

(Eds.), Motor development: current selected research. Vol. 1. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Book. Pp. 87–97.

14.

Wickstrom

R. L.

(1983) Fundamental motor patterns. (3rd ed.) Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.

Influence of Age,Sex,Balance,and Sport Participation on Development of Sidearm Striking by Children Grades K–8 1

Abstract

References