Oral Infections with Candida Albicans

Abstract

The majority of oral infections with Candida albicans have a local cause. However some Candida infections, such as chronic muco-cutaneous candidosis, which may be widespread over skin and mucous membranes are associated with systemic disorders. Indeed, antibiotic or corticosteroid therapy and severe debilitating disease are proven causes of Candida infection while the association of various endocrinopathies with candidosis has now become well established. More recently, other systemic factors such as impaired cellular immunity and nutritional deficiency have been recognised as influencing Candida infections, and this knowledge is now being successfully applied to the treatment of the disease.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Block

M. B.

Packman

L. M.

Windhorst

Goldfine

I. D.

(1971). Immunological findings in familial juvenile endocrine deficiency syndrome associated with mucocutaneous candidiasis. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 261, 213.

Buckley

R. H.

Lucas

Z. J.

Hattler

B. G.

Jr. Zmijewski

C. M.

Amos

D. B.

(1968). Defective cellular immunity associated with chronic mucocutaneous moniliasis and recurrent staphylococcal botryomycosis. Immunological reconstitution by allogenic bone marrow. Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 131, 235.

Budtz-Jorgensen

Bertram

(1970). Denture stomatitis (Parts 1 and 2). Acta odontologica Scandinavia, 28, 71,283.

Burman

L. R.

Bartels

H. A.

Bailey

(1966). Oral moniliasis in a diabetic patient. Journal of Oral Medicine, 21, 4, 177.

Caroline

Taschdjian

C. L.

Kozinn

P. J.

Schade

A. L.

(1964). Reversal of serum fungistasis by addition of iron. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 42, 415.

Caroline

Rosner

Kozinn

P. J.

(1969). Elevated serum iron, low unbound transferrin and candidiasis in acute leukaemia. Blood, 34, 441.

Cawson

R. A.

(1963). Denture sore mouth and angular cheilitis. Oral candidiasis in adults. British Dental Journal, 115, 141.

Cawson

R. A.

(1966). Chronic oral candidiasis and leukoplakia. Oral Surgery, 22, 582.

Chilgren

R. A.

Quie

P. G.

Meuwissen

H. J.

Hong

(1967). Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, deficiency of delayed hypersensitivity, and selective local antibody defect. Lancet, 2, 688.

10.

Chilgren

R. A.

Meuwissen

H. J.

Quie

P. G.

(1969). The cellular immune defect in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Lancet, 1, 1286.

11.

Dagg

J. H.

Jackson

J. M.

Curry

Goldberg

(1966). Cytochrome oxidase in latent iron deficiency (Sideropenia) British Journal of Haematology, 12, 331.

12.

Esterley

N. B.

Brammer

S. R.

Crounse

R. G.

(1967). The relationship of transferrin and iron to serum inhibition of Candida albicans. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 49, 437.

13.

Eyre

Nally

F. F.

(1971). Oral candidosis and carcinoma. British Journal of Dermatology, 85, 73.

14.

Hermans

P. E.

Ulrich

J. A.

Markowitz

(1969). Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis as a surface expression of deep seated abnormalities. American Journal of Medicine, 47, 503.

15.

Higgs

J. M.

Wells

R. S.

(1972). Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis associated abnormalities of iron metabolism. British Journal of Dermatology, 86, Supplement 8, 88.

16.

Joynson

D. H. M.

Jacobs

Walker

D. Murray

Dolby

A. E.

(1972). Defect of cell-mediated immunity in patients with iron-deficiency anaemia. Lancet, 2, 1058.

17.

Kirkpatrick

C. H.

Chandler

J. W.

Schimke

R. N

(1970). Chronic mucocutaneous moniliasis with impaired delayed hypersensitivity. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 6, 375.

18.

Kirkpatrick

C. H.

Rich

R.R.

Bennett

J. E.

(1971a). Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Model-building in cellular immunity. Annals of Internal Medicine, 74, 955.

19.

Kirkpatrick

C. H.

Rich

R. R.

Graw

R. G.

Jr. Smith

T. K.

Michenberg

I. D.

Rogentine

G. N.

(1971b). Treatment of chronic mucocutaneous moniliasis by immunologic reconstitution. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 9, 6, 733.

20.

Lehner

(1962). Oral patholgy in the child, 75. New York: International Academy of Oral Pathology.

21.

Lehner

(1964a). Chronic candidiasis. British Dental Journal, 116, 539.

22.

Lehner

(19646). Oral thrush or acute pseudomembranous candidiasis a clinicopathologic study of 44 cases. Oral Surgery, 18, 27.

23.

Lehner

(1966a). Classification and clinicopathological features of Candida infections in the mouth. In Symposium on Candida infections, p. 119. Winner

H. I.

Hurley

(eds.). Edinburgh and London: E. & S. Livingstone.

24.

Lehner

(1966b). Immunofluorescence study of Candida albicans in candidiasis carriers and controls. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, 91, 97.

25.

Lehner

(1967). Oral candidosis. Dental Practitioner 17, 6, 209.

26.

Lehner

Ward

R. G.

(1970). Iatrogenic oral candidiasis. British Journal of Dermatology, 83, 161.

27.

Lehner

(1972). Cell-mediated immune responses in oral disease: A review. Journal of Oral Pathology, 1, 39.

28.

Lehrer

R. I.

Cline

M. J.

(1969). Leukocyte myeloperoxidase and disseminated candidiasis: The role of myeloperoxidase in resistance to Candida infection. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 48, 1478.

29.

Levy

E. S.

Cohen

D. B.

(1955). Systemic moniliasis and aspergillosis complicating corticotrophin therapy. Archives of Internal Medicine, 95, 118.

30.

Lyon

D. G.

Chick

A. D.

(1957). Denture sore mouth and angular cheilitis. A preliminary investigation into their possible association with Candida infection. Dental Practitioner and Dental Record, 7, 212.

31.

MacFarlane

T. W.

Mason

D. K.

(1973). The oral flora in Sjogren's syndrome. Journal of Clinical Pathology (In press).

32.

Maibach

H. I.

Kligman

A. M.

(1962). The biology of experimental human cutaneous moniliasis. Archives of Dermatology, 85, 233.

33.

Montes

L. F.

Pittman

C. S.

Moore

W. J.

Taylor

C. D.

Cooper

M. D.

(1972). Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: Influence of thyroid status. Journal of the American Medical Association, 221, 2, 155.

34.

Newton

A. V.

(1963). A factor affecting the resilience of connective tissues. Dental Practitioner and Dental Record, 14, 289.

35.

Nyquist

(1952). Study of denture sore mouth. An investigation of traumatic, allergic and toxic lesions of the oral mucosa arising from the use of full dentures. Acta odont. Scandinavia, 10, Suppl. 9, 11.

36.

Rocklin

R. E.

Chilgren

R. A.

Hong

David

J. R.

(1970). Transfer of cellular hypersensitivity in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis monitored in vivo and in vitro. Cellular Immunology, 1, 290.

37.

Rose

J. A.

(1971a). Folic acid deficiency as a cause of angular cheilosis. Lancet, 2, 453.

38.

Rose

J. A.

(19716). Ph.D. Thesis. University of London, Unpublished.

39.

Seelig

M. S.

(1966). Role of antibiotics in the pathogenesis of Candida infections. American Journal of Medicine, 40, 887.

40.

Torack

R. M.

(1957). Fungus infections associated with antibiotic and steroid therapy. American Journal of Medicine, 22, 872.

41.

Valdimarsson

Holt

Riches

H. R. C.

(1970). Lymphocyte abnormality in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Lancet, 1, 1259.

42.

Vilter

R. W.

Mueller

J. F.

Glazier

H. S.

Jarrold

Abraham

Thompson

Hawkins

V. R.

(1953). The effects of vitamin B.6 deficiency induced by deoxypyridoxine in human beings. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 42, 335.

43.

Williamson

D. M.

(1969). Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis and squamous carcinoma. British Journal of Dermatology, 18, 125.

44.

Winner

H. I.

Hurley

(1966). ed. Symposium on Candida infections. London: Livingstone.

45.

World Medicine (1971). Editorial. Immunity by injection. World Medicine, Sept., 41.