Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the tourism industry, which makes it necessary to consider a variety of ways to overcome these challenges. The continuous effort to develop unique cultural fashion products and their original designs is necessary. This study aimed to develop cultural fashion products that people want to wear and purchase to revive the traditional symbols of longevity, called “shipjangsaeng,” with three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. Modernizing the symbols and the 3D printing technology can create new values of the convergence of tradition and technologies while providing customized benefits without inventory concerns. To achieve this, firstly, the preferred traditional symbols were extracted through a preference survey. Secondly, designs were virtually three-dimensionally simulated and surveyed to investigate the preferred designs. Thirdly, the selected designs were three-dimensionally modeled and printed, their flexural strength was tested, and they were fabricated into wearable products. The major results were as follows: (a) the most preferred patterns of longevity symbols were the sun and water/a wave; (b) the preferred item types were dresses and T-shirts using new technology such as 3D printing in achromic colors; (c) eight designs were proposed and the most preferred designs were designs 4 (a mini dress with water/wave patterns), 6 (a dress with a sun pattern), 7 (a T-shirt with a sun pattern), and 8 (a dress with a sun pattern); and (d) the four designs were fabricated into wearable cultural fashion products. The results of this study can provide insights to fashion designers and product developers when developing cultural fashion products by modernizing and reviving traditional symbols, enabling new values.
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been fused with fashion to enable various structures and original designs, and it has expanded to culture, so cultural heritage items are being modeled or produced as commercial products. As the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the tourism industry, it has become necessary to consider the various ways to overcome these challenges. One way could be virtual sightseeing and providing online channels to purchase products such as cultural fashion products. Whether tourists visit on-site or online, continuous efforts to develop unique cultural fashion products and their original designs are required. Existing studies tried to develop cultural products as creative design elements representing the cultural identity of traditional symbol patterns, and attempted to develop them using technologies such as 3D printing technology to re-interpret them for modernization. Three-dimensional printing technology can create new values by combining tradition and technologies and proposing unique cultural fashion products while providing customized benefits without inventory concerns.
Among various Korean traditional symbols, “shipjangsaeng” has become important due to its meanings of longevity after the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, among various historical assets, it would be meaningful to explore the possibilities of developing cultural fashion products using “shipjangsaeng” patterns and 3D printing technology. Thus, this study aimed to develop cultural fashion product designs applying 3D printing technology and the traditional symbol pattern, shipjangsaeng. To achieve this, firstly, the preferred traditional symbols were extracted through a preference survey with potential tourists. Secondly, designs were virtually simulated and surveyed to investigate the preferred designs. Lastly, the selected designs were 3D printed and fabricated, and their physical properties were examined for developing them into clothing products by measuring the flexural strength of the materials used. The results of this study can provide insights to fashion designers and product developers when developing cultural fashion products by modernizing and reviving traditional symbols, enabling new values.
Literature review
3D printing and methods
Three-dimensional printing is a 3D technology that completes objects in three dimensions, providing more freedom in design that enables complex structures. 1 –3 It is also easy to produce small quantities of various and customized products, which can increase the efficiency of costs by making individual customized parts. 4 Thus, as 3D printing technology and materials are further developed and the distribution of personal fused deposition modeling (FDM) methods accelerates, expectations for expanding the market for the convergence and complexity of 3D printing technology and materials are increasing.
Ten Korean traditional symbols of longevity patterns
Among various Korean traditional symbols is “shipjangsaeng,” which contains 10 traditional symbols of longevity, referring to 10 objects that are long-lived animals and plants, representative of the nature needed to pursue a life of longevity. It contains the meanings of wall and road with the attributes of peace, abundance, health, and longevity. The desire for longevity is expressed by long-cherished symbols, namely the sun, mountains, clouds, water, rocks, pine trees, fire plants, turtles, cranes, and deer (Table 1). Bamboo and peach are also considered longevity symbols and used interchangeably with the other 10 symbols. Thus, 12 types of symbols are used to express longevity. 5
Traditional symbols of longevity
Research methods
Preference survey on symbols and cultural fashion products
In this study, a survey was conducted to understand potential tourists’ preferences of the 10 traditional symbols of longevity and cultural fashion products before developing the designs. The survey was conducted via an online survey tool (www.surveymonkey.com). The participants were randomly sampled men and women aged 18 or older in the USA, which was the origin of most foreign tourists in Korea among non-Asian countries before the COVID-19 pandemic, 6,7 who were interested in this study and want to visit Korea in the future. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive analysis methods such as frequency, percentage, average, and standard deviation using SPSS 25.0.
The questionnaire consisted of a total of 103 questions: 96 were about preferences of the 10 traditional symbols of longevity, 8,9 three questions were about cultural fashion products, 10,11 and four questions were about demographic background. The questions were provided with answers in a multiple-choice form, on a five-point Likert scale, and were open-ended.
The images of the 10 traditional symbols of longevity patterns were retrieved from the cultural portal 12 that provides a Korean pattern prototype data base. The collection of traditional patterns was selected and developed into four pattern designs for each pattern that could be considered, given the possibilities of 3D printing (Table 2). A total of 48 longevity symbol images were presented, and preferences were investigated and analyzed for use when developing cultural fashion products.
Images of 10 traditional symbols of longevity (Culture Portal12)
Preference survey on developed cultural fashion product designs
To propose 3D printing of cultural fashion products that people want to purchase, a second survey was conducted and analyzed. Based on the results of the previous survey about preferences in symbols, the cultural fashion products were developed. The survey was also conducted through the online survey tool (www.surveymonkey.com) and randomly sampled US men and women aged 18 and older who were also interested in this study and wanted to visit Korea in the future. The survey questionnaire consisted of 35 questions including two expression methods, 38 questions about preferences in the developed designs in reference to the preceding research data on preferences and images of traditional patterns and fashion designs, 13 –15 and five questions about demographic characteristics. The types of questions were multiple choice, rated on a five-point Likert scale, and were open-ended. The collected survey responses were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 with descriptive analysis methods, such as frequency, percentage, average, and standard deviation.
Analysis of the flexural strength of the material
For application to fashion and textile products, non-flexible polylactic acid (PLA) and flexible thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) 16 were used as materials for FDM 3D printing. The suitability for fashion products that are worn on a curved body was investigated by evaluating the strength characteristics of the material used through an experiment on flexural strength. Materials were divided into two types and classified into four types for each 3D printing device (Table 3).
Four types of samples
PLA: polylactic acid; TPU: thermoplastic polyurethane.
As for the experimental conditions, four specimens were manufactured with a width of 80 mm, a length of 10 mm, and a height of 4 mm in accordance with the ISO 7171/178 sample standard of polymer testing, and flexural strength experiments were conducted. As for the experimental device, the universal testing machine (UTM) method was used with a UTM device as shown in the Table 3, and the acceleration speed was 2 mm/min.
Fabrication of 3D printed cultural fashion products
Computer-aided design (CAD) software (Adobe Illustrator and Adobe Photoshop CS6) was used to change the shape, connect lines, split layers, and adjust the preferred patterns of 3D printing patterns. The symbols and parts of clothing were 3D printed using a FDM-type printer (3D WOX 2X and Flashforge Creator Pro). The 3D printed pieces were assembled and made into whole clothing. Regarding the material, TPU was used due to its flexibility and PLA was used due to its renewable property and wear resistance. In addition, a specialized adhesive for clothing was used to attach to the finished work together.
Results and discussion
Preferences in traditional symbols of longevity: demographic characteristics
Out of 227 respondents, a total of 224 (98.67%) were analyzed, excluding unusable or unfinished respondents. The participants were 70.09% (N = 157) male and 29.91% (N = 67) female with 52.68% (N = 118) being single and 47.32% (N = 106) being married. Among the participants, 68.3% (N = 153) were in their 20s, 27.23% (N = 61) were in their 30s, and 4.46% (N = 10) were in their 40s or older. Categorized by occupation, 80.36% (N = 180) were office workers, with 7.14% (N = 16) being in business, 5.80% (N = 13) being professional, and 3.13% (N = 7) being students or homemakers (Table 4).
Demographic characteristics of participants
Preference for 10 traditional symbols of longevity patterns and item preference
The images of 48 types of patterns (four patterns for each of the 12 symbols) of traditional Korean decoration were presented to participants and they were asked to rank their pattern image preferences using a seven-point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 7 = strongly preferred). Among the patterns, sun 1 was the most preferred, followed by water/wave 3, sun 3, rock 4, and cloud 4 (Table 5). The most preferred apparel items for cultural fashion products with the 10 traditional symbols of longevity patterns were the dress (33.93%, N = 76), followed by a T-shirt (30.80%, N = 69), pants, and knit top (4.46%, N = 10 for each), in rank. The necklace (6.70%, N = 15) and ring (4.91%, N = 11) were preferred as accessories. Thus, it is recommended to design items such as dresses and T-shirts when developing apparel types of cultural fashion products with patterns of sun 1, sun 3, and water/wave 3. Thus, the top three patterns of the 10 traditional symbols, sun 1, water/wave 3, and sun 3, were applied to the design, and the patterns were redesigned with a new design suitable for modern fashion and to facilitate the 3D printing output.
Preferred traditional symbols of longevity patterns and item types
The top three preferred patterns of the 10 traditional symbols, that is, sun 1, water/wave, and sun 3, were applied to the design. The patterns were adjusted for modernization and to enable the 3D printing by adjusting the lines and making them into 3D shapes. Sun 3 was developed into two versions for 3D shape variation. Thus, four types of traditional patterns were developed to be applied to 3D printing fashion design: sun 1, water/wave 3, sun 3, and an alternative 3D sun pattern. For 3D modeling, the Fusion 360 3D program was used, and the FDM material extrusion 3D printing method used PLA, a thermoplastic material, TPU, and flexible materials with excellent flexibility and abrasion resistance (Table 6).
Three-dimensional (3D) printing images of the Korean 10 traditional symbols of longevity
The most preferred item was a dress and then a T-shirt, and dress designs were more developed than the T-shirts. Dresses were designed for targeting women, while most T-shirts were for men with one T-shirt for women. The patterns applied to the designs were the most preferred of the traditional patterns among the traditional symbols of longevity, which were the sun 1, water/wave 3, and sun 3 patterns. Among the shapes, the powerful image of the sun 1 pattern and the large scale pattern and water/wave 3 were applied to designs for men and women, and a detailed image of the sun 3 patterns was applied for women. Thus, a total of eight cultural fashion product designs were proposed. The designs were created into virtual clothing that avatar models wore using the 3D fashion design software, CLO 3D (Table 7).
Proposed cultural fashion product designs and virtual prototypes
Preferences in cultural fashion product designs: demographic characteristics
Out of 343 respondents, a total of 328 useful respondents (95.63%) were analyzed to explore the preferred cultural fashion designs among the developed designs. Participants consisted of 64.93% (N = 213) men and 35.06% (N = 115) women, and they were mostly married (77.44%, N = 254). The age distribution was about even and there were many office workers (74.08%, N = 243) (Table 8).
Demographic characteristics of participants
Modern representation method and color preferences
Among the many ways to revive and modernize traditional patterns to be worn as cultural fashion products, more than 57.01% (N = 187) of people responded with technology such as 3D printing and laser techniques. The next were using new materials such as special fabrics and ink (21.65%, N = 71), and others were pattern design changes or trendy color applications (10.67%, N = 35). When purchasing 3D printed cultural fashion dresses and T-shirts, 38.72% of respondents (127 people) preferred a color scheme that was “black and white achromatic colors.” Next, 36.59% (N = 120) preferred strong colors and 22.25% preferred soft pastel colors (Table 9). Thus, it is recommended to apply technology such as 3D printing technology and laser cutting in achromatic colors, like white and black.
Modern expression method of traditional symbols of longevity
3D: three-dimensional.
Preference for 3D printing fashion culture product design
Design 8, a dress with the sun 3-2 pattern, scored an average of 5.34 (SD = 1.44) on the seven-point Likert scale and was identified as the design that the participants wanted to wear the most (Table 10). The next preferred designs were design 4 (M = 5.29, SD = 1.37), a mini dress with the water/wave 3 pattern, and design 7 (M = 5.25, SD = 1.41), a T-shirt with the sun 3-1 pattern. To purchase as a gift, design 8 (M = 5.34, SD = 1.46) was the most preferred, followed by design 7 (M = 5.30, SD = 1.47), a dress with the sun 1 pattern, and design 6 (M = 5.30, SD = 1.40). Overall, designs with the sun 3-2 pattern received a higher mean score than designs with other patterns. Thus, based on the preference survey results, the most preferred designs to wear and purchase, such as design 8, design 4, design 7, and design 6, were selected to be fabricated as real wearable products by applying 3D printing technology and to do so in achromatic colors.
Preference in design for wear and purchase
Results of flexural strength experiments
Each specimen, classified into equipment and materials, was analyzed and compared as follows by conducting a flexural strength experiment. It was found that there was a difference in the elasticity of the specimens due to the high pressure in the order of Sindoh (PLA) 47.72 N/mm2 > Flashforge (PLA) 38.07 N/mm2 > Sindoh (TPU) 6.07 N/mm2 >Flashforge (TPU) 2.65 N/mm2 (Table 11). The PLA material specimen showed a higher pressure than flexible materials such as TPU, indicating that the flexural strength was weak. In addition, even with specimens of the same PLA material, it was found that there was a difference in flexural strength depending on the type of output device. That is, even if the same PLA and flexible TPU materials are used, the Sindoh sample showed a higher flexural strength value than the Flashforge sample. Experiments have shown that the flexural strength value of the TPU material sample for Flashforge 3D printing is 3.52 lower than that of the new 3D printing device, making it the most useful. Thus, it is recommended for fashion to apply flexible TPU materials with lower bending strength values than PLA.
Results of the flexural strength test
PLA: polylactic acid; TPU: thermoplastic polyurethane.
3D printing of traditional symbols of longevity patterns
The original patterns were modified to be 3D printable using CAD software (Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop CS6). This was done by connecting lines and dividing layers without changing the look of the patterns. Two kinds of fused filament fabrication (FFF)/FDM 3D printers (3D WOX 2X and Flashforge Creator Pro) were used with Sindorico 3D WOX 2X and Flash Print slicing programs. The fashion cultural product design and production order was as follows: sea, water/wave pattern image selection → image conversion using illustration (Adobe Illustrator CS6) → image conversion (Adobe Photoshop CS6); conversion to JPEG → save as SVG file in Oneline-Convert9 (conversion program) → Fusion 360 program; modeling operation → save as STL file → G-code conversion slicing program using 3D WOX and Flash Print 4.6 (Flashforge Creator Pro) (Table 12). The printing output process for the two types of Sindoh 3D WOX 2X and Flashforge was as follows.
Fabrication and prototyping of cultural fashion products
To create 3D printed patterns of the 10 traditional symbols of longevity and to show them as modernized patterns, the eight patterns of Richard M Proctor's unit pattern array deployment method was applied. These eight patterns are a square, brick, halfdrop, scale, triangle, ogee, diamond, and hexagon. 17 Among them, the patterns known as the most stable and simple, the brick and square patterns, were applied to arrange the symbols.
Design 4
Among the developed designs, design 4 was one of the most preferred to be worn. The seven enlarged water/wave patterns were applied to make a mini dress and a smaller-sized pattern for sleeves was created to decorate each sleeve with the four design elements. As the patterns were applied to the edges of the mini dress, it is recommended that it is flexible and not broken easily while moving. To determine the most appropriate thickness using the TPU filament, various thicknesses such as 3, 2, 1.5, and 1 mm were tested. The 1.5 mm thick pattern was selected because it was flexible and more durable than the thinnest one. After testing to ensure there was no difference between the printed outcomes, designs were prototyped using the two printers to save time. The large (152.21 mm ×128.09 mm × 1.5 mm) water/wave patterns were used for the bottom hem of the dress and the small (87.33 mm × 73.49 mm × 1.5 mm) patterns for the neckline and sleeves and an adhesive for 3D output power was used for the clothing (Table 3). The material of the dress is not easily wrinkled with polycrape, making it easy to manage, light, breathable, and refreshing (Table 13).
Three-dimensional (3D) modeling and printing process
Size development and print of the water/wave 3 pattern
3D: three-dimensional.
It took 2 hours and 48 minutes to print one large-sized version of the water/wave pattern with a layer height of 0.2 mm/s, an extruder temperature of 240°C, a platform temperature of 60°C, a print speed of 30 mm/s, a movement speed of 100 mm/s, and a first layer speed of 10 mm, and the ending weight was 7.23 g with 5.86 m of filament used. It took 52 minutes to print one small-sized version of the water/wave pattern with a layer height of 0.18 mm, an extruder temperature of 220°C, a platform temperature of 50°C, a print speed of 20 mm/s, a movement speed of 70 mm/s, and a first layer speed of 10 mm, and the resulting weight was 3.17 g with 1.18 m of filament used. It was manufactured as shown in Figure 1.
Images and details of design 4 with the three-dimensional printed water/wave 3 pattern: (a) design 4 and (b) detail.
Design 6
Design 6 was the one of the top three preferred designs to purchase as a gift. Design 8 was selected as the most preferred to wear and purchase at the same time, thus, the third most preferred design was also prototyped in addition to the top two most preferred designs. The patterns were added as a design point to the dress, specifically on the dress’s shoulder and back straps. The patterns were printed in various thickness, such as 3, 2.5, 2, 1.8, 1.5, 1.2, and 1 mm. The thickness of 1.5 mm was selected for the design as it was thin, flexible, and durable. The pattern was printed in three different sizes, namely large (67.83 mm ×67.01 mm × 1.5 mm), medium (55.27 mm × 54.60 mm ×1.5 mm), and small (45.27 mm × 44.72 mm × 1.5 mm) for the straps that wrap around the shoulders and back of the dress (Table 14). The platform fabrics were made of polysilk and the 3D outputs were attached using an adhesive for clothing.
Size development and print of the sun 3-1 pattern
3D: three-dimensional.
It took 45 minutes to print the large-sized sun 3-1 pattern with a layer height of 0.2 mm, an extruder temperature of 240°C, a platform temperature of 60°C, a print speed of 30 mm/s, a movement speed of 100 mm/s, and a first layer speed of 10 mm, and the weight was 2.8 g after printing with 0.97 m of filament. With the same conditions, it took 31 minutes for one medium size of the sun 3-1 pattern to print, and the weight was 1.7 g with 0.67 m of filament used. Also, with the same conditions, it took 18 minutes for one small size of the sun 3-1 pattern, and the weight was 0.98 g with 0.45 m of filament used. When printing the sun 3-1 pattern, the different sizes were mixed. A total of 44 patterns, consisting of two large sizes, 21 medium sizes, and 21 small sizes, of the sun 3-1 pattern were applied to the shoulders and the straps. The patterns were attached to the mesh fabric directly with a fiber adhesive. The patterns were arranged by the brick pattern method, with the sun pattern motifs applied like blocks to represent a unique design to modernize the patterns. They were manufactured as shown in Figure 2.
Images and details of design 6 with the three-dimensional printed sun 3-1 pattern: (a) design 6 and (b) detail.
Design 7
Design 7 was the second most preferred design to purchase as a gift. The same 3D shaped sun 3-2 pattern was applied to a round neckline T-shirt (Table 14). The traditional image of the sun pattern was modernized by printing the 3D sculpture details in white colors. The deep round neckline gives an optical illusion effect in that it looks like a necklace. Only small-sized (43.53 mm × 38.67 mm × 1.5 mm) 3D sculpture prints were applied (Table 15). The material used was made of 100% cotton to be suitable for the thermal comfort.
Size development and print of the sun 3-2 pattern
3D: three-dimensional.
However, the neckline of the T-shirt was sagging, which means that washing could be an issue. Thus, the design was modified by making the neckline with the 3D printed parts detachable. A separate band was also prepared and 13 outputs were attached to the detachable band with an adhesive for clothing. The band was attached with snap buttons on the back side of the band and the neckline. It was manufactured as shown in Figure 3.
Images and details of design 7 with the three-dimensional printed sun 3-2 pattern: (a) design 7 and (b) detail.
Design 8
Design 8 was the most preferred to wear and purchase as a gift. The 3D effect expressed in the sun 3 pattern made the 3D sculpture look fancy and elegant, and was therefore applied to the dress with a square pattern method. After testing with PLA and TPU, PLA had a better shape and was more durable in holding the 3D shapes than TPU. The pattern was developed into various thicknesses of 4, 3, 2.5, 1.8, 1.5, and 1.5 mm. The thickness of 1.5 mm was selected due to its thinness and durability in holding the 3D shape. The patterns were printed into three different sizes: large (74.01 mm × 66.75 mm × 1.5 mm), medium (57.01 mm ×50.65 mm × 1.5 mm), and small (43.53 mm × 38.67 mm ×1.5 mm) (Table 16).
Size development and print of the sun 3-2 pattern
3D: three-dimensional.
The printed patterns were arranged from the smallest to the largest from the waist to the hem of the skirt part. The larger printed patterns were placed on the shoulder and the smaller on the waist. A total of 301 printed pieces were used, including two large-, eight medium-, and seven small-sized pieces on the top part, and 26 large, 181 medium, and 94 small pieces on the skirt part. The 3D output intersected with each other and they were attached using an adhesive for clothing, and silky polyester fabrics were used. It took 2 hours and 47 minutes to print one piece of the large-sized pattern with a layer height of 0.2 mm, an extruder temperature of 200°C, a platform temperature of 60°C, a print speed at 40 mm/s, a movement speed at 130 mm/s, and a first layer speed of 20 mm/s, and the weight was 14.6 g with 5.7 m of filament used. With the same conditions, it took 1 hour and 38 minutes to print one medium-sized pattern, and the weight was 8.1g with 2.95 m of filament used. Also, when printing one small-sized pattern piece, it took 45 minutes and the weight was 0.98 g after printing with 0.45 m of filament used. It was manufactured as shown in Figure 4.
Images and details of design 8 with the three-dimensional printed sun 3-2 pattern: (a) design 8 and (b) detail.
Conclusions
To develop cultural fashion products, combining fashion and cultural aspects that people want to wear or purchase is a requirement. Thus, this study attempted the following: (a) to understand what potential tourists prefer to wear or purchase as cultural fashion products and how to modernize the traditional patterns focusing on the traditional 10 longevity symbols; and (b) develop cultural fashion products and prototypes into actual products based on the survey results using 3D printing technology. This study was an opportunity to revive the patterns with new values for cultural fashion products.
The major results were as follows: firstly, the traditional 10 longevity patterns that were preferred and defined as suitable for applying to the cultural fashion products were the sun 1, water/wave 3, and sun 3 patterns. Secondly, the recommended item types were a dress and a T-shirt and the preferred colors were achromatic colors, such as black and white. Thirdly, among the various ways to modernize the traditional symbols, the most preferred method was using technology such as 3D printing or laser techniques, which confirmed that the 3D printing could be a way to express the traditional symbols in a more modern style. Fourthly, among the 48 patterns of traditional symbols of longevity, the most preferred were water/wave 3, sun 1, and sun 3. Fifthly, the three patterns were revived into 3D printed patterns of water/wave 3, sun 1, sun 3-1, and sun 3-2, which were all considered to be suitable for the cultural fashion products. Sixthly, eight designs were developed and virtually 3D simulated. Among the designs, design 8 (a dress with the sun 3-2 pattern) was the most preferred to be worn, followed by design 4 (a mini dress with the water/wave 3 pattern). Seventhly, the most preferred design to purchase as a gift was also design 8, followed by design 7 (a T-shirt with the sun 3-2 pattern) and design 6 (a dress with the sun 3-1 pattern). Next, as a result of the flexural strength experiment it was found that there was a difference in the elasticity of the samples in the order of Sindoh (PLA) 47.72 N/mm2 > Flashforge (PLA) 38.07 N/mm2 > Sindoh (TPU) 6.07 N/mm2 > Flashforge (TPU) 2.65 N/mm2. Lastly, the top preferred four designs were prototyped after testing various thicknesses and sizes.
This study researched potential tourists in the USA. Therefore, diverse people in many different countries could be tested with sub-groups to analyze the differences in preferences among their various demographic backgrounds. Also, consumer characteristics such as fashion leadership or new technology acceptance tendency could be analyzed to investigate if there are significant differences among different sub-groups. This study also focused on the 10 traditional symbols of longevity, and therefore various symbols could be investigated and also in different cultures to revive them as cultural fashion products that people want to wear and purchase. The evaluation test for the prototyped products could be further analyzed to confirm if there are any aspects that need to be modified. The 3D printed garments may not be suitable to be worn many times in daily life, but rather for more special occasions with the wearer being careful in taking care of them. Thus, future research could be to upgrade the designs and structures to be more suitable to be worn and washable for frequent and long-term use.
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the tourism industry and it is necessary to consider the various ways to overcome these challenges. Continuous effort to develop unique cultural fashion products and their original designs is necessary. Thus, this study explored what people wanted to wear and purchase, and how to revive the traditional symbols and develop them into cultural fashion products by modernizing the patterns and applying technologies such as virtual programs and 3D printing. In addition, as a result of the bending strength experiment, for fashion applications using a flexible TPU material with a bending strength value lower than the output of the PLA material was suitable. It is recommended to conduct wearing tests with the prototyped final garments and care and durability tests, such as abrasion strength and rupture strength, for commercialization future studies. This study is expected to create new values and mine traditional cultural that can inspire cultural fashion products by expressing the values and traditional culture in a modern way through the fusion of tradition and technology.
Footnotes
Declaration of conflicting interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research is a part of Ph.D. dissertation.
