This study examines the contemporary development of gated communities in Israel, linking the phenomenon to global trends in privatisation, associated with the rise of neo-liberal landscapes. It is argued that assertions on weakening state intervention and strengthening influence of the market, oversimplify the complex interplay of private developers, public planning institutions and third-sector organisations. Neo-liberal urban governance does not imply the demise of regulation, but rather its changing nature. Although public awareness of gated communities was late to develop in Israel, in part because earlier forms of gating blurred its development, evidence reveals that social and environmental third-sector organisations are important new stakeholders involved in the production of gated spaces through their impact on public policy, balancing the `disciplining' impact of market organisations.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Alterman, R. (2002) Planning in the Face of Crisis. London: Routledge.
2.
Atkinson, R. and Blandy, S. (2005) Introduction: international perspectives on the new enclavism and the rise of gated communities, Housing Studies , 20, pp. 177-186.
3.
Atkinson, R. and Flint, J. (2004) Fortress UK? Gated communities, the spatial revolt of the elites and time-space trajectories of segregation, Housing Studies, 19, pp. 875-892.
4.
Bauman, Z. (1998) Globalization: The Human Consequences. New York: Columbia University Press.
5.
Billig, M. and Churchman, A. (2003) Building walls of brick and breaching walls of separation, Environment and Behavior, 35, pp. 227-249.
6.
Blakely, E. and Snyder, M. (1997) Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
7.
Blandy, S. (2006) Gated communities in England: historical perspectives and current developments, GeoJournal, 66, pp. 15-26.
8.
Borraz, O. and John, P. (2004) Symposium: the transformation of urban political leadership in western Europe, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28, pp. 107-120.
9.
Boyte, H. (2005) Reframing democracy: governance, civic agency, and politics, Public Administration Review, 65, pp. 536-546.
10.
Caldeira, T. (1996) Fortified enclaves: the new urban segregation, Public Culture, 8, pp. 303-328.
11.
Cochrane, A. (2004) Modernization, managerialism and the culture wars: reshaping the local welfare state in England, Local Government Studies, 30, pp. 481-496.
12.
Connell, J. (1999) Beyond Manila: walls, malls, and private spaces , Environment and Planning A, 31, pp. 417-439.
13.
Crot, L. (2006) `Scenographic' and `cosmetic' planning: globalization and territorial restructuring in Buenos Aires, Journal of Urban Affairs, 28, pp. 227-251.
14.
Davis, J. (2003) Partnerships versus regimes: why regime theory cannot explain urban coalitions in the UK, Journal of Urban Affairs, 25, pp. 253-269.
15.
Davis, M. (1992) Fortress Los Angeles: the militarization of urban space, in: M. Sorkin (Ed.) Variations on a Theme Park: The New American City and the End to Public Space , pp. 154-180. New York: Hill and Wang.
16.
Dowding, K. (2001) Explaining urban regimes, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 25, pp. 7-19.
17.
Falah, G. (1996) Living together apart: residential segregation in mixed Arab-Jewish cities in Israel, Urban Studies, 33, pp. 823-857. Frandsen, A. G. (2002) Size and electoral participation in local elections, Environment and Planning C, 20, pp. 853-869.
18.
Genis, S. (2007) Producing élite localities: the rise of gated communities in Istanbul, Urban Studies, 44, pp. 771-798.
19.
Gidron, B. (1997) The evolution of Israel's third sector: the role of predominant ideology, Voluntas, 8, pp. 11-38.
20.
Glasze, G. (2005) Some reflections on the economic and political organization of private neighborhoods, Housing Studies, 20, pp. 221-233.
21.
Glasze, G. (2006) The spread of private guarded neighborhoods in Lebanon and the significance of a historically and geographically specific governmentality, in: G. Glasze, C. Webster and K. Frantz (Eds) Private Cities: Global and Local Perspectives, pp. 127-141. London: Routledge.
22.
Glasze, G. and Alkhayyal, A. (2002) Gated housing estates in the Arab world: case studies in Lebanon and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Environment and Planning B, 29, pp. 321-336.
23.
Glasze, G., Webster, C. and Frantz, K. (2006) Introduction: global and local perspectives on the rise of private neighborhoods, in: G. Glasze, C. Webster and K. Frantz (Eds) Private Cities: Global and Local Perspectives, pp. 1-8. London: Routledge.
24.
Gonen, A. (1995) Between City and Suburb: Urban Residential Patterns and Processes in Israel. AldrshotAvebury.
25.
Grant, J. (2005) Planning responses to gated communities in Canada , Housing Studies, 20, pp. 273-285.
26.
Grant, J. and Mittelsteadt, L. (2004) Types of gated communities , Environment and Planning B, 31, pp. 913-930.
27.
Hackworth, J. (2007) The Neoliberal City. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
28.
Harvey, D. (1989) From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: the reformation in urban governance in late capitalism, Geografiska Annaler , 71B, pp. 3-17.
29.
Hayut, Y. (1979) The influence of settlement ideology on development of the Qerayot in the Haifa bay area, Horizons: Studies in Geography, 4, pp. 19-28.
30.
Hoffmann-Martinot, V., Rallings, C. and Thrasher, M. (1996) Comparing local electoral turnout in Great Britain and France: more similarities than differences?, European Journal of Political Research, 30, pp. 241-257.
31.
Jessop, B. and Sum, L. (2000) An entrepreneurial city in action: Hong Kong's emerging strategies in and for (inter)urban competition, Urban Studies, 37, pp. 2287-2313.
32.
Landman, K. (2006) Privatising public space in post-apartheid South African cities through neighborhood enclosures, GeoJournal , 66, pp. 133-146.
33.
Lehavi, A. (2005) New residential communities in Israel: between privatization and exclusion, Haifa University Law Review, 2(1), pp. 63-140 [in Hebrew].
34.
Lentz, S. (2006) More gates, less community? Guarded housing in Russia, in: G. Glasze, C. Webster and K. Frantz (Eds) Private Cities: Global and Local Perspectives, pp. 206-221. London: Routledge.
35.
LeVine, M. (2004) Planning to conquer: modernity and its antinomies in the new-old Jaffa, in: H. Yacobi (Ed.) Constructing a Sense of Place, pp. 192-226. Aldershot: Ashgate.
36.
Low , S. (2003) Behind the Gates: Life, Security, and Pursuit of Happiness in Fortress America . New York: Routledge.
37.
Marcuse, P. (1997) The ghetto of exclusion and the fortified enclave: new patterns in the United States, American Behavioral Scientist , 41, pp. 311-326.
38.
McKenzie, E. (1994) Privatopia: Homeowner Associations and the Rise of Residential Private Governments . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
39.
McKenzie, E. (2003) Common-interest housing in the communities of tomorrow , Housing Policy Debate, 14, pp. 203-234.
40.
McKenzie, E. (2005) Constructing the Pomerium in Las Vegas: a case study of emerging trends in American gated communities, Housing Studies, 20, pp. 187-203.
41.
Monterescu, D. and Fabian, R. (2003) The `golden cage': gentrification and globalization in the Andromeda Hill project, Theory and Criticism, 23, pp. 141-178 [in Hebrew].
42.
Mossberger, K. and Stoker, G. (2001) The evolution of urban regime theory: the challenge of conceptualization, Urban Affairs Review, 36, pp. 810-835.
43.
Mycoo, M. (2006) The retreat of upper and middle classes to gated communities in the poststructural adjustment era: the case of Trinidad, Environment and Planning A, 38, pp. 131-148.
44.
Novy, A. and Leubolt, B. (2005) Participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre: social innovation and the dialectical relationship of state and civil society, Urban Studies, 42, pp. 2023-2036.
45.
Pedan, Y. and Hartman, S. (2005) Fences, walls and environmental injustice, in: C. Lubnov (Ed.) Environmental Injustice Report, pp. 44-46. Coalition of Israeli Environmental NGOs , Tel-Aviv [in Hebrew].
46.
Pierre, J. (1999) Models of urban governance: the institutional dimensions of urban politics, Urban Affairs Review, 34, pp. 372-396.
47.
Pow, C.-P. (2007a) From public housing to private neighborhoods: gated condominiums estates in Singapore. Paper presented at the Conference of Private Urban Governance and Gated Communities , Paris, June.
48.
Pow, C.-P. (2007b) Securing the `civilised' enclaves: gated communities and moral geographies of exclusion in (post-)socialist Shanghai, Urban Studies, 44, pp. 1539-1558.
49.
Razin, E. (1990) Urban economic development in a period of local initiative: competition among towns in Israel's southern coastal plain, Urban Studies, 27, pp. 321-340.
50.
Razin, E. and Hazan, A. (2001) Redrawing Israel's local government map: political decisions, court rulings or popular determination, Political Geography, 20, pp. 513-533.
51.
Razin, E. and Hazan, A. (2007) Metropolitan processes and voting behavior: is there a local democracy crisis in Israel?Paper presented at the International Metropolitan Observatory Meeting, Stuttgart, January.
52.
Razin, E., Rosen, G., Dachoach-Halevi, M. and Hazan, A. (2007) Is the role of the state in local governance diminishing? The case of Israel's metropolitan areas, in: J.-P. Collin and M. Robertson (Eds) Governing Metropolises: Profiles of Issues and Experiments on Four Continents , pp. 29-53. Québec: Presses de l'Université Laval.
53.
Roitman, S. (2005) Who segregates whom? The analysis of a gated community in Mendoza, Argentina, Housing Studies, 20, pp. 303-322.
54.
Rosen, G. and Razin, E. (2007a) The college chase: higher education and urban entrepreneurialism in Israel, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 98, pp. 86-101.
55.
Rosen, G. and Razin, E. (2007b) Gated communities in Israel: a new phase of spatial segregation, Israeli Sociology, 9, pp. 103-126 [in Hebrew].
56.
Rosen, G. and Razin, E. (2008) Enclosed residential neighborhoods in Israel: from landscapes of heritage and frontier enclaves to new gated communities, Environment and Planning A, 40(12), pp. 2895-2913.
57.
Rotem, A. (2006) A neighborhood of millions atTel-Aviv: apartheid included in the price, Haaretz , 25(4) [in Hebrew].
58.
Shachar, A. (1998) Reshaping the map of Israel: a new national planning doctrine, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 555, pp. 209-218.
59.
Shamir, R. (2005) Without borders? Notes on globalization as a mobility regime, Sociological Theory, 23, pp. 197-217.
60.
Shlay, A.B. (1993) Shaping place: institutions and metropolitan development patterns, Journal of Urban Affairs, 15, pp. 387-404.
61.
Swyngedouw, E. (2005) Governance innovation and the citizen: the Janus face of governance-beyond-the-state, Urban Studies, 42, pp. 1991-2006.
62.
Thuillier, G. (2005) Gated communities in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires, Argentina: a challenge for town planning, Housing Studies , 20, pp. 255-272.
63.
Tzfadia, E. (2005) Response: privatization and communality: a critical viewpoint on liberal discourse on new housing-communities in Israel, Haifa University Law Review, 2(1), pp. 141-157 [in Hebrew].
64.
Vesselinov, E., Cazessus, M. and Flak, W. (2007) Gated communities and spatial inequality, Journal of Urban Affairs, 29, pp. 109-127.
65.
Webster, C. (2001) Gated cities of tomorrow, Town Planning Review, 72, pp. 149-170.
66.
Webster, C. (2002) Property rights and the public realm: gates, green belts, and Gemeinschaft, Environment and Planning B, 29, pp. 397-412.
67.
Webster, C., Glasze, G. and Frantz, K. (2002) Guest editorial: the global spread of gated communities , Environment and Planning B, 29, pp. 315-320.
68.
Wehrhahn, R. and Raposo, R. (2006) The rise of gated residential neighborhoods in Portugal and Spain: Lisbon and Madrid, in: G. Glasze, C. Webster and K. Frantz (Eds) Private Cities: Global and Local Perspectives, pp. 170-189. London: Routledge.
69.
Wood, A. (1998) Making sense of urban entrepreneurialism, Scottish Geographical Magazine, 114, pp. 369-377.
70.
Wu, F. (2005) Rediscovering the `gate' under market transition: from work-unit compounds to commodity housing enclaves, Housing Studies, 20, pp. 235-254.
71.
Yacobi, H. (2007) The NGOization of space: dilemmas of social change, planning policy, and the Israeli public sphere, Environment and Planning D, 25, pp. 745-758.
72.
Yiftachel, O. and Yacobi, H. (2003) Urban ethnocracy: ethnicization and the production of space in an Israeli `mixed city', Environment and Planning D, 21, pp. 673-693.
73.
Yishai, Y. (1998) Civil society in transition: interest politics in Israel, Annals of the American Academy, 555, pp. 147-162.
74.
Young, D. (2000) Alternative models of government-nonprofit sector relations: theoretical and international perspectives, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 29, pp. 149-172.
