The first comprehensive survey of 7,025 Chinese primary schoolchildren found that 24% of respondents reported that they had sometimes physically bullied another child. When children observed school bullying, 56% said they immediately reported it to their teachers. Another 20% tried to stop the bullying by approaching the bullies. The study also identified factors associated with bullying. These included coming from an adverse psychosocial background and having more contact with violent values through association with deviant peers and exposure to the mass media. On the basis of the research findings, potential methods of bullying intervention are discussed.
Arora, C.M.J. (1994). Is there any point in trying to reduce bullying in secondary schools? Educational Psychology in Practice, 10, 155-162.
2.
Baldry, A.C., & Farrington, D.P. (2000). Bullies and delinquents: Personal characteristics and parental styles. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 10, 17-31.
3.
Besag, V.E. (1989). Bullies and victims in schools. Milton Keynes, United Kingdom: Open University Press .
4.
Borg, M.G. (1998). The emotional reactions of school bullies and their victims. Educational Psychology, 18, 433-444.
5.
Boulton, M.J. (1997). Teachers' views on bullying: Definitions, attitudes and ability to cope. British Journal of Educational Psychology , 67, 223-233.
6.
Braithwaite, V., Ahmed, E., Morrison, B., & Reinhart, M. (2003). Researching the prospects for restorative justice practice in schools: The "Life at School Survey" 1996-9. In L. Walgave (Ed.), Repositioning restorative justice (pp. 169-190). Cullompton, Devon, United Kingdom: Willan.
7.
Cheung, Y.W., & Ng, A. (1988). Social factors in adolescent deviant behavior in Hong Kong: An integrated theoretical approach. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 12(1), 27-45.
8.
Cowie, H. (2000). Bystanding or standing by: Gender issues in coping with bullying in English schools. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 85-97.
9.
Craig, W.M. (1998). The relationship among bullying, victimization, depression, anxiety and aggression in elementary school children. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 123-130.
Education Department. (1991). Surveys on unruly and delinquent behavior of pupils in secondary schools. Hong KongGovernment Printer.
12.
Education Department. (1993). Review on surveys on unruly and delinquent behavior of pupils in secondary schools. Hong KongGovernment Printer.
13.
Eslea, M., & Rees, J. (2001). At what age are children most likely to be bullied at school? Aggressive Behavior, 27, 419-429.
14.
Eslea, M., & Smith, P.K. (1998). The long-term effectiveness of anti-bullying work in primary schools. Educational Researcher, 40, 203-218.
15.
Farrington, D. (1993). Understanding and preventing bullying. In M. Tony (Ed.), Crime and justice: A review of research (pp. 381-458). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
16.
Gazelle, H., & Ladd, G.W. (2002). Interventions for children victimized by peers . In P. A. Schewe (Ed.), Preventing violence in relationships: Interventions across the life span (pp. 55-78). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association .
17.
Hayes, H.D. (1997). Using integrated theory to explain the movement into juvenile delinquency. Deviant Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 18, 161-184.
18.
Khatri, P., Kupersmidt, J.B., & Patterson, C. (2000). Aggression and peer victimization as predictors of self-reported behavioral and emotional adjustment. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 345-358.
19.
Kumpulainen, K., Rasanen, E., & Puura, K. (2001). Psychiatric disorders and the use of mental health services among children involved in bullying. Aggressive Behavior , 27, 102-111.
20.
Limper, R. (2000). Cooperation between parents, teachers, and school boards to prevent bullying in education: An overview of work done in the Netherlands . Aggressive Behavior, 26, 125-135.
21.
Monks, C.P., & Smith, P.K. (2000). The social relationships of children involved in bully/victim problems at school. In R. S. L. Mills & S. Duck (Eds.), The developmental psychology of personal relationships (pp. 131-153). New York: Wiley.
22.
Mori. (2000). School children fear bullying and violence. Retrieved April 7, 2006, from http://www.mori.com/polls/2000/atl.shtml
23.
Morrison, B. (2002). Bullying and victimization in schools: A restorative justice approach. Australian Institute of Criminology: Trends and Issues, 219, 1-6.
24.
O'Moore, M. & Kirkham, C. (2001). Self-esteem and its relationship to bullying behavior . Aggressive Behavior, 27, 269-283.
25.
Olweus, D. (1978). Aggression in the schools: Bullies and whipping boys. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Press.
26.
Olweus, D. (1994). Bullying at school: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 1171-1190.
27.
Olweus, D. (1997). Bully/victim problems in school: Knowledge base and an effective intervention program. Irish Journal of Psychology , 18, 170-190.
28.
Pellegrini, A.D. (1999). Bullies and victims in school: A review and call for research. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 19, 165-176.
29.
Rigby, K. (1996). Bullying in schools: And what to do about it. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Australian Council for Education Research.
30.
Rigby, K. (1999). Peer victimization at school and the health of secondary school students. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 69, 95-104.
31.
Roland, E. (2002). Aggression, depression, and bullying others. Aggressive Behavior, 28, 198-206.
32.
Salmivalli, C., & Nieminen, E. (2002). Proactive and reactive aggression among school bullies, victims, and bully-victims. Aggressive Behavior, 28, 30-44.
33.
Slee, P.T. (1995). Peer victimization and its relationship to depression among Australian primary school students. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 57-62.
34.
Smith, P.K. (2000). Bullying and harassment in schools and the rights of children. Children & Society, 14, 294-303.
35.
Smith, P.K., & Brain, P. (2000). Bullying in schools: Lessons from two decades of research. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 1-9.
36.
Smith, P. K., Pepler, D., & Rigby, K. (Eds.). (2004). Bullying in schools: How successful can interventions be?Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
37.
Smith, P. K., & Sharp, S. (Eds.). (1994). School bullying: Insights and perspectives. London: Routledge .
38.
Smith, P. K., & Thompson, D. (Eds.). (1991). Practical approaches to bullying. London: David Fulton .
39.
Sullivan, K. (2000). The anti-bullying handbook. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press.
40.
Swearer, S.M., & Doll, B. (2001). Bullying in schools: An ecological framework. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 2, 7-23.
41.
Tattum, D. (1997). A whole-school response: From crisis management to prevention. Irish Journal of Psychology, 18, 221-232.
42.
Tattum, D., & Tattum, E. (1996). Bullying: A whole school response. In P. McCarthy, M. Sheehan, & W. Wilkie (Eds.), Bullying: From backyard to boardroom (pp. 13-23). Alexandria, New South Wales, Australia: Millennium Books.
43.
Wong, D.S.W. (1999). Culturally specific causes of delinquency: Implication for juvenile justice in Hong Kong. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work, 9, 98-113.
44.
Wong, D.S.W. (2000). Juvenile crime and responses to delinquency in Hong Kong. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44, 279-292.
45.
Wong, D.S.W. (2002, August). The development of restorative justice for juvenile delinquents in Hong Kong. Paper presented at the Third International IIRP Conference on Conferencing, Circles and Restorative Justice, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
46.
Wong, D.S.W. (2004). School bullying and tackling strategies in Hong Kong. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 48, 537-553.
