See his book review of Das Bild des Schwarzen in der europäischen Kolonialliteratur, 1870-1918 by MartinStein (Frankfurt am Main, 1972), in Revue française d'histoire d'Outre-Mer, lxi (1974), 616–17. R. Mercier defines imagology as “cette partie de la littérature comparée qui étudie l'image qu'un peuple se fait d'un autre”.
2.
“Imagologie ist nicht Teil eines ideologischen Denkens, sondern vielmehr ein Beitrag zur Entideologisierung” (HugoDyserinck, Komparatastik (Bonn, 1977), 131).
3.
RalphEllison, “Twentieth Century Fiction and the Black Mask of Humanity“, in Shadow and Act (New York, 1964), 42.
4.
Some British imperial voices sound very close to French assimilation: “[To] England principally has fallen the task of civilising the dark races of the earth.” The declared aim of the British presence in Africa was “to make of the descendants of barbarians and cannibals a race of Christians and gentlemen”. Stuart-YoungJ.M., Merely a Negress (London, 1904), 161, 234-5, quoted by KillamC.D., Africa in English Fiction (Ibadan, 1968), 55.
5.
On German colonialism see WolfeW.Schmokel, Dream of an Empire: German Colonialism 1919-1945 (New Haven, 1964); on colonial literature see NwezehE.C., Africa in French and German Fiction (Ife, 1978) and FeuserW.F., “Slave to Proletarian”, in German Life and Letters, xxxii (1979), 122–34. See also various articles in Journal of European Studies as well as in Cultures et développement, Université Catholique de Louvain, ix (1977) sq.
6.
On Portuguese colonialism see the excellent article by Mon'a Mundu, “Der portugiesische Kolonialismus” in Zeitschrift für Geopolitik, xxix, No. 11 - 12 (November/December 1958) and DuffyJames, Portugal in Africa (Harmondsworth, 1962), as well as the books of Basil Davidson, all published in the Penguin African Library.
7.
On Castro Soromenho see Fernando Augusto Albuquerque Mourão and Maria Angelica Rodrigues Quemel (comps.), Contribuição a uma Bio-bibliografia sobre Fernando Monteiro de Castro Soromenho (São Paulo, 1977).
8.
HansGrimm, Volk ohne Raum (Munich, 1926), 1029–30; hereinafter quoted as VoR.
9.
Cf. KirschE., Hans Grimm und der nordische Mensch (Munich, 1938) and BeckerO., Die Klein-Epik Hans Grimms, Phil. Dissertation (Marburg, 1956).
10.
Even more cogent parallels between Zola and Grimm can be found in their ideological quest for Lebensraum (“espace vital”). To Zola, Africa was “cette autre France démesurée”. See also MartinSteins, “Zola colonialiste“, in Revue des Langues Vivantes/Tijdschrift voor levende Talen, xli (1975), 15–30.
11.
Ellison, op. cit., 43.
12.
ManuelFerreira, “An Unknown Literature: African Writing in Portuguese“, trans. by FeuserW. F., West African Journal of Modern Languages, ii (1976), 145–6.
13.
Ellison, op. cit., 26. Emphasis mine.
14.
“O Degregado“, in As novelas de Camilo. Selecção, Prefácio e Notas de AlexandreCabral (Lisbon, 1961), 205.
15.
Freeman-GrenvilleG. S. P., Chronicle of African History (London, 1973), 108.
16.
“The Negress” I saw you pass, far from me, distant like a walking ebony statue…. From: CostaAlegre, Versos, posthumous (Lisbon, 1916), 54.
17.
Translated from p. 252 of the Portuguese edition (Lisbon, 1961), hereinafter referred to as TM.
18.
AfrânioCoutinho, An Introduction to Literature in Brazil, trans. by RabassaGregory (New York and London, 1969), 144.
19.
AlexandrePinheiro Torres, O Neo-Realismo Literário Português (Lisbon, 1977), 30.
20.
See introduction to the extract from TM entitled “Chief Xa-Mucuari's Grievance” in DathorneO.R. and WillfriedFeuser (eds), Africa in Prose (Harmondsworth, 1969), 226.
