It is theorized that effects of tourist enterprise on Old Order Amish lifestyle, if any, would be most visible in the Amish community where commercial tourist development is most concentrated. Tourist enterprise concentration appears not to have altered patterns of Amish life to the extent tourism critics and conventional wisdom assert. Little or no case is made for tourist enterprise creating land use problems not shared by the total Amish community. Traffic volume in the community may be attributed as much to close proximity of a city as to tourist concen tration. Nontraditional Amish male employment is no more in evidence in the area of tourism concentration than in the larger community.
Further professionalization of tourism development and management is suggested as a wise course of action to guarantee sustained yield of economic product and protection of the indigenous culture.
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References
1.
Davydd J. Greenwood , "Tourism as an Agent of Change," Annals of Tourism Research, 3 (January-February 1976), pp. 128-141.
2.
Graham M.S. Dann, "Anomie, Ego-enhancement and Tourism," Annals of Tourism Research, 4 (March-April 1977), pp. 184-194.
3.
Abraham Pizam , "Tourism's Impacts: The Social Costs to the Destination Community as Perceived by Residents," Journal of Travel Research, 16 (Spring 1978), pp. 8-12.
4.
Lloyd E. Hudman , "Tourist Impacts: The Need for Regional Planning ," Annals of Tourism Research, 5 (January-March 1978), pp. 112-125.
5.
Calvin George Bachman, The Old Order Amish of Lancaster County (Lancaster , Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania German Society, 1961).
6.
John A. Hostetler , "Old Order Amish Survival," The Mennonite Quarterly Revtew, 51 (October 1977), pp. 352-361.
7.
William H.Martineau and Rhonda Sayres MacQueen, "Occupational Differentiation Among The Old Order Amish," Rural Sociology, 42 (1977), pp. 383-397.
8.
Old Order Amish hold worship services in homes during cold weather and in barns during the summer.
9.
Old Order Shop and Service Directory (Gordonville, Pa. : Pequea Publishers, 1977).
10.
Roy C. Buck , "Toward a Synthesis in Tourism Theory," Annals of Tourism Reseurch, 5 (January-March 1978), pp. 110-111.
11.
The area was accurately estimated by using a plammeter to measure the periphery on the 1973 Amish census map which enclosed 50 districts. The census was conducted by Johns Hopkins Hospital in connection with research on inherited disabilities and disease. John Hostetler and local Amish leaders cooperated with the Hospital in conducting the census. The census provides demographic information by household within each district and is the most complete public source of information on the Amish population in Lancaster County.
12.
Because the 1973 Amish census and the accompanying map provided much ot the data for this study, all analyses relate to the 50 church districts organized as of 1973.
13.
Fifty percent ot the Amish community's land area is estimated to be given over to cultivated land, pasture, and open space. Estimate is derived from "Existing Primary Land Use Maps ot Lancaster County" (Huth Engineers Inc. and by F. Weston Environmental Scientists and Engineers, 1968).
14.
State route 501 runs north-south out of Lancaster and is not part of the tourist district.
15.
This estimate was arrived at by superimposing the Amish census map on the "1975 Traffic Volume Map of Lancaster County" issued by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation and the U.S. Department of Transportation.
16.
To ascertain the church districts in which commercialized tourist enterprise was most concentrated the "Official Pennsylvania Dutch Guide Map" (1976) published by the local tourist bureau was superimposed on the Amish census map.
17.
The boundaries of the 50 Amish church districts were superimposed on the 1947 and 1975 aerial photographs. Because it was impossible to identify specific types of development only an aggregate estimate of land use change was attempted. A planimeter was used to determine the amount of nonfarm development for each church district for the two years.
18.
Throughout Pennsylvania there are many permanent as well as temporary traffic counters. Traffic counts are recorded and complied by Pennsylvania's Bureau of Transportation. These data were employed in the analysis.
19.
The Pennsylvania Bureau of Transportation uses eight traffic patterns to classify Pennsylvania's roads: (1) urban, (2) primary rural, (3) secondary rural, (4) moderate recreational, (5) recreational, (6) extreme recreational, (7) winter recreational, and (8) extreme pattern groups.
20.
Bureau of Transportation Planning Statistics, Pennsylvania Traffic Data Annual Report (Harrisburg, Pa.: 1976).
21.
The r-values for the major roads in the tourist area are: Route 340 —.98: Route 30 —.73; Route 23 —.76.
22.
Data upon which this anaylsis is based were taken from the "1975 Traffic Volume Map of Lancaster County" produced by the Pennsylvania Bureau of Transportation.
23.
John A.Hostetler, Amish Society (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1968).
24.
John Gillin , "The Old Order Amish of Pennsylvania," Anthropology , Samuel Rapport and Helen Wright (eds.) (New York: Washington Square Press, 1968), pp. 319-332.
25.
Charles P.Loomis, Rural Socral Systems A Textbook in Rural Sociology and Anthropology (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1950).
26.
Bachman, op. cit
27.
Hostetler, " Old Order Amish Survival," p. 355.
28.
Ibid., p. 359
29.
We defined farmers to include all those in the 1973 Amish census who were listed as farmers, farm laborers, chicken farmers, tenant farmers, dairy farm workers, or in the "hog business."
30.
Hostetler, Amish Society.
31.
Traditional employment includes working with the soil or allied craft and skill. Nontraditional employment includes activities which are nonagranan, services once performed through mutual aid or the family and working in a store or shop which would not likely exist in a predominately rural area. The initial classification of occupations using these criteria was checked and revised by John Hostetler.
32.
Roy C. Buck , "Making Good Business Better: A Second Look at Staged Tourist Attractions," Journal of Travel Research , 15 (Winter 1977), pp. 30-32.
33.
Roy C. Buck , "The Ubiquitous Tourist Brochure: Explorations in Its Intended and Unintended Use," Annals of Tourism Research , 4 (March-April 1977), pp. 195-207.
34.
Roy C. Buck , "Boundary Maintenance Revisited: Tourist Experience in an Old Order Amish Community," Rural Sociology , 43 (1978), pp. 221-234.
35.
36.
Daniel J.Boorstin, The Image (New York: Harper Colophon Books, 1961).
37.
Theron A. Nunez , "Tourism, Tradition, and Acculturation: Weekendisms in a Mexican Village," Ethnology, 2 (July 1963), pp. 347-352.
