Idioms of Subordination and Styles of Protest among Christian and Hindu Harijan Castes in Tamil Nadu

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Aiyappan, A. 1965. Social revolution in a Kerala village: A study in cultural change. Bombay: Asia Publishing House.

Alexander, K.C. 1972. The neo-Christians in Kerala. In J.M. Mahar , ed., The Untouchables in contemporary India, pp. 153-161. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press.

Appadurai, Arjun . 1977. Kings, sects and temples in south India 1350-1700 A.D. Indian economic and social history review 14: 47-73.

Appadurai, Arjun . 1981. Worship and conflict under colonial rule: A south Indian case. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Appadurai, Arjun and Carol A. Breckenridge . 1976. The south Indian temple: Authority, honour and redistribution. Contributions to Indian sociology (n.s.) 10: 187-211.

Asirvatam, D.A. 1977. Mūvēntar yār. Tanjavur: Irama Tevan Patippakam (Tamil).

Asirvatam, D.A. 1981. Vēlālar yār. Tanjavur: Irama Tevan Patippakam (Tamil).

Ayrookuzhiel, Abraham M.A. 1983. The religious resources of the Dalits in the context of their struggle. In S.K. Chatterji , ed., Essays in celebration of the CISRS silver jubilee. Madras: Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society.

Baker, Christopher J. 1984. An Indian rural economy 1880-1955: The Tamilnad countryside. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

10.

Barnett, M.R. 1976. The politics of cultural nationalism. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

11.

Bayly, Susan . 1989. Saints, goddesses and kings: Muslims and Christians in south Indian society, 1700-1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

12.

Berreman, Gerald D. 1971. The Brahmanical view of caste. Contributions to Indian sociology (n.s.) 5: 16-23.

13.

Béteille, André . 1974. Studies in agrarian social structure. Delhi: Oxford University Press.

14.

Bourdieu, Pierre . 1977. Outline of a theory of practice (trans. R. Nice). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

15.

Cohn, Bernard S. 1955. The changing status of a depressed caste. In M. Marriot , ed., Village India: Studies in the little community, pp. 53-77. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

16.

Cohn, Bernard S. 1959. Changing traditions of a low caste. In M. Singer , ed., Traditional India: Structure and change, pp. 207-215. Philadelphia: American Folklore Society.

17.

David, Kenneth . 1977. Hierarchy and equivalence in Jaffna, north Sri Lanka: Normative codes as mediator. In K. David , ed., The new wind: Changing identities in South Asia, pp. 179-226. The Hague/Paris: Mouton.

18.

Deliège, Robert . 1991. Replication and consensus: Untouchability, caste and ideology in India. Man 27: 130-155.

19.

Diehl, C.G. 1965. Church and shrine: Intermingling patterns of culture in the life of some Christian groups in south India. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Uppsaliensis Historia Religionum 2.

20.

Dirks, Nicholas B. 1979. The structure and meaning of political relations in a south Indian little kingdom. Contributions to Indian sociology (n.s.) 13: 169-206.

21.

Dirks, Nicholas B. 1987. The hollow crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

22.

Dirks, Nicholas B. 1990. The original caste: Power, history and hierarchy in South Asia. In M. Marriott , ed., India through Hindu categories (Contributions to Indian sociology, Occasional Studies 5), pp. 59-77. New Delhi: Sage Publications.

23.

Dumont, Louis . 1980. Homo hierarchicus: The caste system and its implications (trans. M. Sainsbury, L. Dumont and B. Gulati). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

24.

Fabricius, J.P. 1972 (1779). Tamil and English dictionary (4th ed.). Tranquebar: Evangelical Lutheran Mission.

25.

Fernandes, Walter . 1981. Caste and conversion movements in India. Social action 31: 261-290.

26.

Fishman, A.T. 1941. Culture, change and the underprivileged: A study of the Madigas in south India under Christian guidance. Madras: The Christian Literature Crusade.

27.

Forrester, Duncan B. 1977. The depressed classes and conversion to Christianity: 1860-1960. In G.A. Oddie , ed., Religion in South Asia: Religious conversion and revival movements in South Asia in medieval and modern times, pp. 35-66. London: Curzon Press.

28.

Forrester, Duncan B. 1980. Caste and Christianity: Attitudes and policies on caste of Anglo-Saxon Protestant missionaries in India. London: Curzon Press.

29.

Frykenberg, Robert E. 1976. The impact of conversion and social reform upon society in south India during the late Company period: Questions concerning Hindu-Christian encounters, with special reference to Tinnevelly. In C.H. Phillips and M.D. Wain-wright , eds., Indian society and the beginnings of modernization c. 1830-1850, pp. 187-243. London: School of African and Oriental Studies.

30.

Frykenberg, Robert E. 1981. On the study of conversion movements: A review article and a theoretical note. Indian economic and social history review 17: 121-138.

31.

Good, Anthony . 1982. The actor and the act: Categories of prestation in south India. Man (n.s.) 17: 23-41.

32.

Gough, E.K. 1960. Caste in a Tanjore village. In E.R. Leach , ed., Aspects of caste in southern India, Ceylon and Northwestern Pakistan, pp. 11-60. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

33.

Hanchett, S.L. 1970. Changing economic, social and ritual relationships in a modern south Indian village. Ph.D. thesis, Columbia University.

34.

Hardgrave, Robert L.J. 1968. The breast cloth controversy. Indian economic and social history review 2: 171-187.

35.

Hardgrave, Robert L.J. 1969. The Nadars of Tamilnad. Berkeley: University of California Press.

36.

Hardy, Friedhelm E. 1983. Viraha-Bhakti. The early history of Krsna devotion in south India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.

37.

Irschick, Eugene F. 1969. Politics and social conflicts in south India: The non-Brahman movement and Tamil separatism 1916-1929. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.

38.

Irudayaraj, Xavier , ed. 1990. Emerging Dalit theology. Madras & Madurai: Jesuit Theological Secretariate & Tamilnadu Theological Seminary.

39.

Isaacs, H. 1965. India's ex-Untouchables. New York: John Jay.

40.

Juergensmeyer, M. 1982. Religion as social vision: The movement against untouchability in twentieth century Punjab. Berkeley: University of California Press.

41.

Kananaikil, Jose . 1983. Christians of Scheduled Caste origin. Indian Social Institute Monograph Series No. 10. New Delhi: Indian Social Institute.

42.

Koshy, N. 1968. Caste in the Kerala churches. Bangalore: Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society.

43.

Lele, J. 1980. The `bhakti' movement in India: A critical introduction. Journal of Asian and African studies 15: 1-15.

44.

Luke, P.Y. and J.B. Carmen . 1968. Village Christians and Hindu culture: Study of a rural church in Andhra Pradesh, south India. London: Butterworth Press.

45.

Lynch, Owen , 1969. The politics of untouchability. New York: Columbia University Press.

46.

Lynch, Owen , 1972. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Myth and charisma. In J.M. Mahar , ed., The Untouchables in contemporary India, pp. 97-112. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press.

47.

McGilvray, Dennis B. 1983. Paraiyar drummers of Sri Lanka: Consensus and constraint in an Untouchable caste. American ethnologist 10: 97-114.

48.

Manickam, S. 1977. The social setting of Christian conversion in south India: The impact of the Wesleyan Methodist missionaries on the Trichy-Tanjore Diocese with special reference to the Harijan communities of the mass movement area 1820-1947. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.

49.

Marriott, McKim . 1976. Hindu transactions: Diversity without dualism. In B. Kapferer , ed., Transactions and meaning: Directions in the anthropology of exchange and symbolic behaviour, pp. 109-142. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues.

50.

Mathew, G. 1982. Politicisation of religion in Tamil Nadu (Parts 1 & 2). Economic and political weekly 17: 1027-1034, 1068-1072.

51.

Miller. R. 1966. Button, button... great tradition, little tradition, whose tradition? Anthropological quarterly 39: 26-42.

52.

Moffatt, Michael . 1979. An Untouchable community in south India: Structure and consensus. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

53.

Mosse, C. David F. 1986. Christianity, caste and Hinduism: Social organisation and religion in rural Ramnad. D. Phil. thesis, Oxford University.

54.

Mosse, C. David F. Forthcoming (a). Honour, caste and conflict. The ethnohistory of a Catholic festival in rural Tamil Nadu (1730-1990). In Christianisme et Islam en milieu Hindou: Pratiques et debates (provisional title). Paris: Centre d'Études de L'Inde et de l'Asie du Sud, EHESS/CNRS.

55.

Mosse, C. David F. Forthcoming (b). The politics of religious synthesis: Roman Catholicism and Hindu village society in Tamil Nadu, India. In R. Shaw and C. Stewart , eds., Syncretism/antisyncretism: The politics of religious synthesis (provisional title). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

56.

Mosse, C. David F. n.d. Tamil Roman Catholics, purity and impurity, and the caste system. Unpublished manuscript.

57.

Nemade, B. 1980. The revolt of the underprivileged: Style in the expression of the Warkari movement in Maharashtra. Journal of Asian and African studies 15: 113-123.

58.

Oddie, Geoffrey A. 1975. Christian conversion in Telegu country 1860-1900: A case study of one Protestant movement in the Godavery-Krishna delta. Indian economic and social history review 12: 61-79.

59.

Oddie, Geoffrey A. 1977. Christian conversion among non-Brahmans in Andhra Pradesh, with special reference to the Anglican missionaries and the Dornakal diocese c. 1900-1936. In G.A. Oddie , ed., Religion in South Asia: Religious conversion and revival movements in South Asia in medieval and modern times, pp. 67-92. London: Curzon Press.

60.

Omvedt, Gail . 1990. Hinduism and politics. Economic and political weekly 25: 723-729.

61.

Parry, Jonathan . 1979. Caste and kinship in Kangra. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

62.

Pfaffenberger, Bryan . 1982. Caste in Tamil culture: The religious foundations of Sudra domination in Tamil Sri Lanka. New York: Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University.

63.

Pickett, J. W. 1933. Christian mass movements in India: A study with recommendations. Lucknow: Lucknow Publishing House.

64.

Prabhaker, M.E. , ed. 1989. Towards a Dalit theology. Published for The Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society (CISRS) & Christian Dalit Liberation Movement (CDLM). Delhi: Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (ISPCK).

65.

Price, Pamela. 1979. Resources and rule in zamindari south India, 1802-1903: Sivagangai and Ramnad as kingdoms under the raj. Ph.D. thesis, Wisconsin University.

66.

Raheja, Gloria Goodwin . 1988. The poison in the gift: Ritual, prestation, and the dominant caste in a north Indian village. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

67.

Raheja, Gloria Goodwin . 1990. Centrality, mutuality and hierarchy: Shifting aspects of inter-caste relationships in north India. In M. Marriott , ed., India through Hindu categories (Contributions to Indian sociology, Occasional Studies 5), pp. 79-101. New Delhi: Sage Publications.

68.

Raja Ram Row, B.T. 1889 (1891). Manual of the Ramnad Samastanam. Madurai: Cleghorn Press.

69.

Ram, Kalpana . 1992. Mukkuvar women: Gender, hegemony and capitalist transformation in a south Indian fishing community. New Delhi: Kali for Women.

70.

Rao, M.S.A. 1974. Religious movements and social transformation in India. In Marga Institute, Religion and development in Asian societies, pp. 130-145. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Marga Publications.

71.

Reiniche, Marie-Louise . 1977. La notion de `jajmānī': Qualification abusive ou principe d'integration? Purusārtha 3: 71-107.

72.

Reiniche, Marie-Louise . 1979. Les dieux et les hommes: Étude des cultes d'un village du Tirunelveli, Inde du sud. Paris: Mouton.

73.

Resumé du Diarium Maravae. 1865/1866. Typescript, Jesuit Archives, Shembaganur, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu.

74.

Rudolph, Lloyd L. and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph . 1967. The modernity of tradition: Political development in India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

75.

Scott, James C. 1990. Weapons of the weak: Everyday forms of peasant resistance. Delhi: Oxford University Press.

76.

Shah, Ghanshyam . 1990. Dalit movements and the search for identity. Social action 40: 317-335.

77.

Shah, Ghanshyam . 1991. `Grass-roots mobilization in Indian politics'. In A. Kohli , ed., India's democracy: An analysis of changing state-society relations, pp. 262-304. Hyderabad: Orient Longman Ltd.

78.

Sharma, Ursula M. 1976. Status striving and striving to abolish status: The Arya Samaj and the low castes. Social action 26: 215-236.

79.

Shiri, G. 1977. Karnataka Christians and politics. Madras: Christian Literature Society.

80.

Srinivas, M.N. 1955. The social system in a Mysore village. In McKim Marriot , ed., Village India: Studies in the little community, pp. 1-36. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

81.

Stein, Burton . 1968. Medieval south Indian Hindu sects. In J. Silverberg , ed., Social mobility in the caste system in India, pp. 78-94. The Hague: Mouton.

82.

Stein, Burton . 1980. Peasant state and society in medieval south India. Delhi/New York: Oxford University Press.

83.

Wiebe, P.C. 1970. Protestant missions in India: A sociological review. Journal of Asian and African studies 5: 293-301.