As a model of the relationship between sex-role orientation and psychological well-being, the masculinity model has proved more successful than either the androgyny or the congruence models. In this article, it is, nevertheless, argued that the model has many shortcomings and limitations which need to be addressed by future research. The central criticisms of the model are that it fails to provide a theoretical understanding of its own success, cannot infer causality and represents an oversimplification of psychological life.
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