Criminogenic and Noncriminogenic Needs in Men and Women Who Self-Report Intimate Partner Violence

Abstract

Little is known regarding the criminogenic needs of men and women who self-report intimate partner violence (IPV). We examined criminogenic and noncriminogenic needs of men and women within the general population who self-reported in three groups: perpetrating physical IPV, perpetrating non-IPV physical violence, and nonviolence perpetration. The sample included 847 men and 1437 women from the Interpersonal Conflict and Resolution (iCOR) Study. Those who self-reported IPV exhibited criminogenic and noncriminogenic needs, ranging from antisocial personality patterns (10%) to criminal associates (69%). Participants who self-reported engaging in IPV had the most criminogenic and noncriminogenic needs, had similar needs to those reporting non-IPV violence, and had consistently more needs than the nonviolence group. Overall, women reported more noncriminogenic needs than men. Community-based IPV treatment programs accepting individuals from multiple referral sources should anticipate variation in criminogenic and noncriminogenic needs among participants, especially relative to gender and referral type.

Keywords

criminogenic needs gender intimate partner violence principles of effective intervention RNR violence

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Ahmadabadi

Najman

J. M.

Williams

G. M.

Clavarino

A. M.

d’Abbs

(2021). Gender differences in intimate partner violence in current and prior relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(1–2), 915–937. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517730563

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Anglim

Horwood

Smillie

L. D.

Marrero

R. J.

Wood

J. K.

(2020). Predicting psychological and subjective well-being from personality: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146(4), 279–323. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000226

Archer

(2000). Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), 651–680. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.651

Armstrong

T. A.

Boisvert

Wells

Lewis

R. H.

Cooke

Woeckner

(2020). Assessing potential overlap between self-control and psychopathy: A consideration of the Grasmick self-control scale and the Levenson self-report psychopathy scale. Journal of Criminal Justice, 70, 101725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101725

Belknap

(2021). The invisible woman: Gender, crime, and justice. Sage.

Belknap

Holsinger

(2006). The gendered nature of risk factors for delinquency. Feminist Criminology, 1(1), 48–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085105282897

Berg

M. T.

Rogers

E. M.

Liu

Mumford

E. A.

Taylor

B. G.

(2019). The interpersonal context of depression and violent behavior: A social psychological interpretation. Aggressive behavior, 45(4), 437–449. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21832

Berwick

D. M.

Murphy

J. M.

Goldman

P. A.

Ware

J. E.

Jr Barsky

A. J.

Weinstein

M. C.

(1991). Performance of a five-item mental health screening test. Medical Care, 29(2), 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199102000-00008

10.

Bijlsma

A. M. E.

van der Put

C. E.

van Horn

Assink

(2021). Gender differences between domestic violence men and women: Criminogenic risk factors and their association with treatment dropout. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(23–24), NP21875–NP21901. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211063015

11.

Bonta

Andrews

D. A.

(2024). The psychology of criminal conduct (7th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003292128

12.

Bouffard

L. A.

Zedaker

S. B.

(2016). Are domestic violence offenders specialists? Answers from multiple analytic approaches. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 53(6), 788–813. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427816656897

13.

Bush

Kivlahan

D. R.

McDonell

M. B.

Fihn

S. D.

Bradley

K. A.

(1989). The AUDIT Alcohol Consumption Questions (AUDIT-C): An effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158(16), 1789–1795. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.158.16.1789

14.

Cannon

Hamel

Buttell

Ferreira

R. J.

(2016). A survey of domestic violence perpetrator programs in the United States and Canada: Findings and implications for policy and intervention. Partner Abuse, 7(3), 226–276. https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.7.3.226

15.

Cohen

(1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587

16.

DeLisi

Pechorro

Maroco

Simões

(2021). Overlapping measures or constructs? An empirical study of the overlap between self-control, psychopathy, Machiavellianism and narcissism. Forensic Science International: Synergy, 3(2021), 100141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2021.100141

17.

DeLisi

Piquero

A. R.

(2011). New frontiers in criminal careers research, 2001-2011: A state-of-the-art review. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 289–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.05.001

18.

Evans

C. P.

Meman

A. N.

Murphy

C. M.

(2024). Do different legal system and self-referral pathways influence relationship violence intervention program success? Journal of Family Violence, 39, 259–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-022-00474-7

19.

Falkenbach

Poythress

Falki

Manchak

(2007). Reliability and validity of two self-report measures of psychopathy. Assessment, 14(4), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107305612

20.

Fritz

C. O.

Morris

P. E.

Richler

J. J.

(2012). Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(1), 2–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024338

21.

Garcia-Mansilla

Rosenfeld

Nicholls

T. L.

(2009). Risk assessment: Are current methods applicable to women? International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 8(1), 50–61. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/14999010903014747

22.

Gobeil

Blanchette

Stewart

(2016). A meta-analytic review of correctional interventions for women offenders: Gender-neutral versus gender-informed approaches. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(3), 301–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854815621100

23.

Gower

Spiranovic

Morgan

Saunders

(2022). The criminogenic profile of violent female offenders incarcerated in Western Australian prisons as per the Level of Service/Risk, Need, Responsivity (LS/RNR) and Violence Risk Scale (VRS). Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 30(2), 192–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2021.2006095

24.

Hare

R. D.

(2003). Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) (2nd ed.). Multi-Health Systems.

25.

Higgins-Biddle

J. C.

Babor

T. F.

(2018). A review of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), AUDIT-C, and USAUDIT for screening in the United States: Past issues and future directions. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 44(6), 578–586. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2018.1456545

26.

Hilton

N. Z.

Eke

A. W.

(2016). Non-specialization of criminal careers among intimate partner violence offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(10), 1347–1363. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854816637886

27.

Hilton

N. Z.

Radatz

D. L.

(2018). The criminogenic and noncriminogenic treatment needs of intimate partner violence offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(11), 3247–3259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X17740015

28.

Hilton

N. Z.

Radatz

D. L.

(2021). Criminogenic needs and intimate partner violence: Association with recidivism and implications for treatment. Psychological Services, 18(4), 566–573. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000450

29.

Hilton

N. Z.

Radatz

D. L.

(2024). Coercive control in a national U.S. self-report survey: Prediction of repeated intimate partner violence. Psychological Services. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000881

30.

Johnson

W. L.

Taylor

B. G.

Mumford

E. A.

Lui

(2020). Dyadic correlates of the perpetration of psychological aggression among intimate partners. Psychology of Violence, 10(4), 422–431. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000257

31.

Mazerolle

McPhedran

(2018). Specialization and versatility in offending. In Farrington

D. P.

Kazemian

Piquero

A. R.

(Eds.), The Oxford handbook of developmental and life-course criminology (pp. 49–69). Oxford University Press.

32.

McKeown

Kennedy

P. J.

McGrath

(2022). Female perpetrators of intimate partner violence. In Brown

S. L.

Gelsthorpe

(Eds.), The Wiley handbook on what works with girls and women in conflict with the law: A critical review of theory, practice, and policy (pp. 354–367). Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119874898.ch25

33.

Milner

Krnjacki

LaMontagne

A. D.

(2016). Age and gender differences in the influence of social support on mental health: a longitudinal fixed-effects analysis using 13 annual waves of the HILDA cohort. Public health, 140, 172–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.06.029

34.

Motiuk

M. S.

Motiuk

L. L.

Bonta

(1992). A comparison between self-report and interview-based inventories in offender classification. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 19(2), 143–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854892019002003

35.

Mumford

E. A.

Taylor

B. G.

Berg

Liu

Miesfeld

(2019). The social anatomy of adverse childhood experiences and aggression in a representative sample of young adults in the US. Child abuse & neglect, 88, 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.10.016

36.

Mumford

E. A.

Taylor

B. G.

Liu

Berg

(2019, April 29). The Interpersonal Conflict and Resolution (iCOR) Study, United States, 2016-2018. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR37164.v1

37.

Tang

Ang

J. Y. Z.

(2021). Challenges faced by women offenders after incarceration. Women & Criminal Justice, 31(6), 494–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1697791

38.

Olver

Stockdale

K. C.

(2022). Can “gender neutral” risk assessment tools be used with women and girls? If so, how?In Brown

S. L.

Gelsthorpe

(Eds.), The Wiley handbook on what works with girls and women in conflict with the law: A critical review of theory, practice, and policy (pp. 102–119). Wiley.

39.

Pechorro

DeLisi

Gonçalves

R. A.

Quintas

Hugo Palma

(2021). The Brief Self-Control Scale and its refined version among incarcerated and community youths: Psychometrics and measurement invariance. Deviant Behavior, 42(3), 425–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2019.1684942

40.

Peters

J. R.

Nunes

K. L.

Ennis

Hilton

N. Z.

Pham

Jung

(2022). Latent class analysis of the heterogeneity of intimate partner violent men: Implications for research and practice. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 10(3), 202–219. https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000192

41.

Polaschek

D. L. L.

(2016, November). Responding to perpetrators of family violence (Issues Paper 11, pp. 1–33). New Zealand Family Violence Clearinghouse. https://nzfvc.org.nz/sites/nzfvc.org.nz/files/NZFVC-issues-paper-11-responding-perpetrators.pdf

42.

Radatz

D. L.

Hansen

Thomasson

(2020). Domestic violence treatment in Colorado: An overview of an evidence-based approach. Partner Abuse, 11(3), 268–291. https://doi.org/10.1891/PA-D-20-00007

43.

Radatz

D. L.

Richards

T. N.

Murphy

C. M.

Nitsch

L. J.

Green-Manning

Brokmeier

A. M.

Holliday

C. N.

(2021). Integrating “principles of effective intervention” into domestic violence intervention programs: New opportunities for change and collaboration. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 46(4), 609–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-021-09627-8

44.

Radatz

D. L.

Wright

E. M.

(2016). Integrating the principles of effective intervention into batterer intervention programming: The case for moving toward more evidence-based programming. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 17(1), 72–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014566695

45.

Radatz

D. L.

Wright

E. M.

(2017). Does polyvictimization affect incarcerated and non-incarcerated adult women differently? An exploration into internalizing problems. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(9), 1379–1400. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515588921

46.

Rammstedt

John

O. P.

(2007). Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.001

47.

Rentzsch

Erz

Schütz

(2022). Development of short and ultra-short forms of the Multidimensional Self-Esteem Scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 38(4), 270–281. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000660

48.

Richards

T. N.

Gover

A. R.

Branscum

Nystrom

Claxton

(2022). Assessing states’ intimate partner violence offender treatment standards using a principles of effective intervention framework. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(21–22), NP20288–NP20310. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211050091

49.

Salisbury

E. J.

Boppre

Kelly

(2016). Gender-responsive risk and need assessment: Implications for the treatment of justice-involved women.In Taxman

(Ed.), Handbook on risk and need assessment (pp. 236–259). Routledge.

50.

Salisbury

E. J.

Van Voorhis

(2009). Gendered pathways: A quantitative investigation of women probationers’ paths to incarceration. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(6), 541–566. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854809334076

51.

Smith

Cullen

F. T.

Latessa

E. J.

(2009). Can 14,737 women be wrong? A meta-analysis of the LSI-R and recidivism for female offenders. Criminology & Public Policy, 8(1), 183–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00551.x

52.

Sparks

Wielinga

Jung

Olver

M. E.

(2020). Recidivism Risk and Criminogenic Needs of Individuals Who Perpetrated Intimate Partner Sexual Violence Offenses. Sexual Offending: Theory, Research, and Prevention, 15, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.5964/sotrap.3713

53.

Spencer

C. M.

Stith

S. M.

Cafferky

(2020). What puts individuals at risk for physical intimate partner violence perpetration? A meta-analysis examining risk markers for men and women. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(1), 36–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020925776

54.

Stairmand

Dixon

Polaschek

D. L. L.

(2021). Testing the generalizability of the event process model of family violence with an incarcerated sample. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 65(1), 117–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X20944655

55.

Stewart

E. A.

Schreck

C. J.

Simons

R. L.

(2006). “I ain’t gonna let no one disrespect me” Does the code of the street reduce or increase violent victimization among African American adolescents? Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43(4), 427–458. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427806292338

56.

Stewart

L. A.

Gabora

Allegri

Slavin-Stew

M. C.

(2014). Profile of female perpetrators of intimate partner violence in an offender population: Implications for treatment. Partner Abuse, 5(2), 168–188. https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.5.2.168

57.

Stewart

L. A.

Power

(2014). Profile and programming needs of federal offenders with histories of intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(15), 2723–2747. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514526059

58.

Tangney

J. P.

Baumeister

R. F.

Boone

A. L.

(2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x

59.

Taylor

B. G.

Mumford

E. A.

Liu

Berg

Bohri

(2019). Young adult reports of the victim–offender overlap in intimate and nonintimate relationships: A nationally representative sample. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 46(3), 415–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854818810322

60.

Travers

McDonagh

Cunningham

Armour

Hansen

(2021). The effectiveness of interventions to prevent recidivism in perpetrators of intimate partner violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 84, 101974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101974

61.

Ung

Lloyd

C. D.

(2024). Exploring the relationships between criminal self-efficacy factors and recidivism. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 29(2), 195–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12265

62.

van der Knaap

L. M.

Alberda

D. L.

Oosterveld

Born

. (2012). The predictive validity of criminogenic needs for male and female offenders: Comparing the relative impact of needs in predicting recidivism. Law and Human Behavior, 36(5), 413–422. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093932

63.

Van Voorhis

Wright

E. M.

Salisbury

Bauman

. (2010). Women’s risk factors and their contributions to existing risk/needs assessment: The current status of a gender-responsive supplement. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37(3), 261–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854809357442

64.

Verbruggen

Blokland

A. A.

Robinson

A. L.

Maxwell

C. D.

(2022). General offending and intimate partner violence perpetration in young adulthood: A Dutch longitudinal study. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 66(16), 1796–1820. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X211022657

65.

Verbruggen

Maxwell

C. D.

Robinson

A. L.

(2022). The relationship between the development of general offending and intimate partner violence perpetration in young adulthood. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(3–4), 1179–1205. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520922340

66.

Wolbers

Ackerman

(2020). The degree of specialization among female partner violence offenders and the role of self-defense in its explanation. Victims & Offenders, 15(2), 197–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2019.1671280

67.

Wormith

J. S.

Bonta

(2021). Risk/need assessment for adults and older adolescents: The Level of Service (LS) Instruments. In Doouglas

K. S.

Otto

R. K.

(Eds.), Handbook of violence risk assessment (pp. 159–190). Routledge.

68.

Wright

E. M.

Van Voorhis

Salisbury

E. J.

Bauman

(2012). Gender-responsive lessons learned and policy implications for women in prison: A review. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(12), 1612–1632. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854812451088

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.02 MB