Metropolitan Revisions: Storylines from American History

Margaret Mead, "Megalopolis: Is It Inevitable?" Transactions of the Bartlett Society 2 (1965): 34. For an elaboration of this strain of thinking refer to Margaret Mead, "The Crucial Role of the City in Meeting the Urban Crisis," in Richard Eelss and Clarence Walton, eds., Man in the City of the Future: A Symposium of Urban Philosophers (New York: Macmillan, 1968), 29-57.

On the construction of narratives there is much to learn from Francesca Polletta, It Was Like a Fever: Storytelling in Protest and Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006). Also influencing my formulation of a rhetorical strategy are Herbert J. Gans, "Sociology in America: The Discipline and the Public," American Sociological Review 54, no. 1 (February 1989): 1-16; Robert A. Rosenstone, "Experiments in Writing the Past-Is Anyone Interested?" Perspectives 30, no. 9 (December 1992): 10+; William Cronon, "Why the Past Matters," Wisconsin Magazine of History 84, no. 1 (Autumn 2000): 2-13; and Stephen J. Pyne, Voices and Vision: A Guide to Writing History and Other Serious Nonfiction (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 191-203. Noted skeptics of the narrative turn include J. Morgan Kousser, "The Revivalism of Narrative: A Response to Recent Criticisms of Quantitative History," Social Science History 8, no. 2 (Spring 1984): 133-49, and Eric H. Monkkonen, "The Dangers of Synthesis," American Historical Review 91, no. 5 (December 1986): 1146-57.

My enduring lodestars on the matter of place are Yi-Fu Tuan, Space and Place, The Perspective of Experience (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977), 6, and Joseph A. Amato, Rethinking Home, A Case for Writing Local History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 1-16. Worth contemplating as well is Tuan’s "Life as a Field Trip," Geographical Review 91, no. 1-2 (January- April 2001): 41-45.

I have borrowed, appreciatively, the device of the "glimpse" from Rhys Isaac, "Ethnographic Method in History: An Action Approach," Historical Methods 13, no. 1 (Winter 1980): 43ff.; for a full-blown example of its utility consult-with profit- Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-1790 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for The Institute of Early American Culture, 1982).

Daniel Horowitz, The Anxieties of Affluence: Critiques of American Consumer Culture, 1939-1979 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2004), incorporates several of these individuals into his study. But refer also to Michael T. Kaufman, New York Times, January 13, 1999, for a lengthy obituary of Whyte.

Evidence of Whyte’s abiding interest in Princeton, and its corresponding interest in him, is found in the pages of the Princeton Alumni Weekly: "William H. Whyte ‘39, Student of the Businessman," 57, no. 17 (February 1, 1957): 9-10; "On the Cover," 60, no. 1 (September 25, 1959): 12; Ann Waldron, "Advocate of the Liveable City," 88, no. 2 (September 30, 1987): 20-22+; and Keller Easterling, "He’s Been Watching Us," 89, no. 19 (June 14, 1989): 7-8.

William H. Whyte, City: Rediscovering the Center (New York: Doubleday, 1988), 299-306.

Robert Bruegmann , Sprawl: A Compact History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 2, emphasis added.

Blake Gumprecht , The American College Town (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2008), 30-39.

John R. Gold and Stephen V. Ward, eds., Place Promotion: The Use of Publicity and Marketing to Sell Towns and Regions (New York: John Wiley, 1994); and Margaret Pugh O’Mara, Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005). Addressing the circumstances in Princeton is Robert J. Wolfe, "When a University Becomes a Developer," Real Estate Finance Journal 2, no. 1 (Summer 1986): 55-61.

Roger L. Geiger, To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900-1940 (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1986), 200-203; Robert I. Kohler, Partners in Science: Foundations and Natural Scientists, 1900-45 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 210-13; and James Axtell, The Making of Princeton University: From Woodrow Wilson to the Present (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 410-15.

Willard Thorp , "The New Princeton," Princeton Alumni Weekly, 42, no. 1 (December 5, 1941): 7-9.

On the knowledge-based economy consult Moses Abramovitz and Paul A. David, "American Macro-economic Growth in the Era of Knowledge-Based Progress: The Long-Run Perspective," in Stanley Engerman and Robert Gallman, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, 3 vols. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 3:64-66.

Jean Gottmann, Megalopolis, The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States (New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1961), 594; Axtell, Making of Princeton University, 602; and Paul L. Knox, Metroburbia, USA (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008), 39.

George Sternlieb and Alex Schwartz, New Jersey Growth Corridors (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Center for Urban Policy Research, 1986), 131-39; Judy Kalvin, "Location the Corporation: The Princeton Area," Corporate Design and Realty 5, no. 8 (September 1986): 110-15; and Truman A. Hartshorn and Peter O. Muller, Suburban Business Centers: Employment Implications (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, 1986), 154.

Paul Goldberger , "The ‘Princeton Corridor’: Development Gone Wild," New York Times, March 6, 1988.

Useful on such concerns is Peter Sahlins, Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).

On the most recent consolidation discussion underway see Town Topics (April 22, 2009), initiated by Bernie Miller, mayor of Princeton Township. And for deeply researched historical perspective on the borough and township see Wanda S. Gunning, "The Town of Princeton and the University, 1756-1846," Princeton University Library Chronicle 66, no. 3 (Spring 2005): 442. I am grateful to Willard S. Bunn III who provided me with the foregoing source, which has proven invaluable.

Joel Garreau , Edge City: Life on the New Frontier ( New York: Doubleday, 1991), 5-6.

Robert E. Lang, Edgeless Cities: Exploring the Elusive Metropolis (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2003), 2, 71; and Jon C. Teaford, The Metropolitan Revolution: The Rise of Post-Urban America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 194, 199.

James W. Hughes and George Sternlieb, Rutgers Regional Report, Vol. 1: Jobs, Income, Population, and Housing Baselines (New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research, 1989), 322-23; Sternlieb and Schwartz, New Jersey Growth Corridors, 140; "New Jersey Population Trends, 1790 to 2000" (New Jersey State Data Center, 2001), 39-40; "1990 Census of Population and Housing, Summary Population and Housing Characteristics, New Jersey CPH-1-32" (Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1991); and "MSM Regional Data Book, 1990" (Princeton, NJ: Middlesex Somerset Mercer Regional Council, 1991), 51-53.

Garreau, Edge City, 5-6; and John A. McPhee , "Six Princetons and Counting," Princeton Alumni Weekly 97, no. 12 (March 19, 1997): 17.

Nancy Ryan , Chicago Tribune, March 19 and 21, 1989; and Pucky Zimmerman , Naperville Sun, March 24, 1989.

Ann Durkin Keating, Chicagoland: City and Suburbs in the Railroad Age (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 164-65; Julie Bennett, Crains Chicago Business, October 31, 1988; Patrick T. Reardon, Chicago Tribune, December 11, 1988; Nancy Ryan, Chicago Tribune, March 19 and 21, 1989; Joanne Kanter, Chicago Sun-Times, April 30, 1993; and Jennifer Lenhart, Chicago Tribune, March 9, 1993. Useful on postwar annexation are Michael F. Logan, Fighting Sprawl and City Hall: Resistance to Urban Growth in the Southwest (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1995), esp. 99-130; and Jon C. Teaford, Post-Suburbia: Government and Politics in the Edge Cities (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 60-62.

Suzanne Thorsen, AICP, city of Naperville, graciously supplied me with an incomparable time series documenting the local history of municipal annexation (email, May 21, 2008). Framing annexation on a broader plain are David Rusk, Cities Without Suburbs, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1995), 137; Carl Abbott, "The Suburban Sunbelt," Journal of Urban History 13, no. 3 (May 1987): 287-93; and Michael B. Katz and Mark J. Stern, One Nation Divisible: What America Was and What It Is Becoming (New York: Russell Sage, 2006), 192-96.

Keating, Chicagoland, 152-65. Other historical aspects about Naperville are gleaned from Harry M. Beardsley, Chicago Daily News, January 5, 1924; Naperville Centennial, 1831-1931 (Fort Payne Chapter, DAR, 1931); Genevieve Towsley, A View of Historic Naperville (Naperville, IL: Naperville Sun, 1975); Jean Wehrli and Mary Lou Wehrli, The Naperville Sesquicentennial Photo Album, 1831-1981 (Naperville, IL: Naperville Sesquicentennial Commission, 1981); Marion Knoblauch, DuPage County: A Descriptive and Historical Guide, 1831-1939 (Elmhurst, IL: Irvin A. Ruby, 1948); Jerry De Muth, Chicago Sun-Times, April 23, 1972; and Richard A. Thompson and Contributors, DuPage Roots (Wheaton, IL: DuPage County Historical Society, 1985), 200-204.

John F. McDonald and Paul J. Prather , "Suburban Employment Centres: The Case of Chicago," Urban Studies 31, no. 2 (1994): 201-18.

Dolores Hayden, Building Suburbia, Greenfields and Urban Growth, 1820-2000 (New York: Pantheon, 2003), 10-18, in a chapter aptly titled "The Suburban City," speaks to Naperville’s contemporary circumstances. Also singling out Naperville on this point are Irving Cutler, Chicago: Metropolis of the Mid-Continent, 4th ed. (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2006), 357; Claude S. Fischer and Michael Hout, Century of Difference: How Americans Changed in the Last One Hundred Years (New York: Russell Sage, 2006), 172-73; Keating, Chicagoland, 153; James R. Grossman et al., The Encyclopedia of Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 159-60; and Jon C. Teaford, Cities of the Heartland: The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 255. Consult as well Garreau, Edge City, 428; Peter Dreier et al., Place Matters: Metropolitics for the Twenty-First Century (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001), 10-11; and Bruegmann, Sprawl, 64.

Robert E. Lang and Jennifer B. LeFurgy, Boomburgs: The Rise of America’s Accidental Cities (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2007), 1-21, 69.

Teaford, Metropolitan Revolution, 194; Local Community Fact Book: Chicago Metropolitan Area, 1990 (University of Illinois at Chicago, 1995), 285-87; R. Bruce Dold and Patrick Reardon, Chicago Tribune, July 24, 1983; Patrick Reardon and John McCarron, Chicago Tribune, January 1, 1991; Brian J. L. Berry et al., Chicago, Transformations of an Urban System (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1976), 12-46; and Cutler, Chicago, 357.

"Census 2000 PHC-T-40: Estimated Daytime Population and Employment-Residence Ratio" (2000) and U.S. Census Bureau press release titled "Census Bureau Releases First-Ever Data on Daytime Populations for Cities and Counties" (October 20, 2006) are especially useful for understanding these data.

For a snapshot of comparative average value of building permits in 1959 consult Suburban Fact Book, 1950-1960: A Socio-Economic Inventory for 100 Municipalities in Northeastern Illinois (Chicago: Northeastern Illinois Metropolitan Area Planning Commission, 1960), tables 5A and 5B. On Naperville’s supremacy in the issuance of residential building permits see R. Bruce Dold and Patrick Reardon, Chicago Tribune, July 24, 1983.

Y.Q. Wang , "Urban Land Cover Change in Northeastern Illinois: A Landstat View from 1972 to 1997," in Wim Wiewal and Joseph J. Persky , eds., Suburban Sprawl, Private Decisions and Public Property (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2002), 37-40.

Stacy St. Clair, Daily Herald, April 26, 2000; Ron Pazola, Naperville Sun, November 22, 2002; Beth Sneller, Daily Herald, December 18, 2003; Dan Rozek, Chicago Sun-Times, July 12, 2005; NS, May 28, 2008; and U.S. Census Bureau News CB04-41, "Oh To Be a Kid in Naperville! Census Bureau Reports on Children and Their Homes" (March 16, 2004).

Grossman et al., Encyclopedia of Chicago, 558.

Edward A. Hatfield, "MARTA and the Making of Southern Conservatism" (master’s thesis, University of Georgia, 2006), 62-68; and Gwinnett Daily News (March 15 and November 7, 1971). For biographical information on Jimmy Mason refer to Georgia Official and Statistical Register, 1971-1972 (Atlanta: Department of Archives and History, 1973), 464-65; Elliott E. Brack, Gwinnett: A Little above Atlanta (Norcross, GA: Gwinnett Forum, 2008), 31-49; and an obituary in two installments, Peter J. Kent, AJC, June 6 and 8, 1998.

Thomas W. Hodler and Howard A. Schretter , The Atlas of Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia, Institute of Community and Area Development, 1986), 74-76.

Alyssa Shank Durden, "Suburban Revisions" (master’s thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005), 10-17; Matthew D. Lassiter, The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 94-118; and the New Georgia Encyclopedia (consult Gwinnett County entry), http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/ (accessed July 2, 2007).

Lawrence R. Hepburn, ed., Contemporary Georgia, 2nd ed. (Athens: University of Georgia, Carl Vison Institute of Government, 1992), 25; George Brown Tindall, The Emergence of the New South, 1913-1945 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967), 121; Brack, Gwinnett, 108; and the New Georgia Encyclopedia (consult entry titled "cotton"), http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org (accessed July 3, 2007).

Richard L. Forstall, ed., Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990 (Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1996), 36-37; Brack, Gwinnett, 657; Durden, "Suburban Revisions," 19-23; Hodler and Schretter, Atlas of Georgia, 163-65; Lawrenceville News-Herald, May 11, 1960; Lassiter, Silent Majority, 243; James Lee, "White Flight and Spatial Assimilation in New Multiracial Suburbs: The Case of Gwinnett County, Georgia" (master’s thesis, University of Georgia, 2007), 21-30; and Neal R. Peirce, The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States (New York: Norton, 1972), 360.

On the altered federal role to underwrite projects such as MARTA refer to George M. Smerk, The Federal Role in Urban Mass Transportation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991), 108-16 as well as Carl Abbott, Urban America in the Modern Age, 1920 to the Present, 2nd ed. (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 2007), 41-43.

Hatfield, "MARTA and the Making of Southern Conservatism," 34-38; Gwinnett Daily News, March 26, August 18, September 1, October 20, 26, 28, and November 7, 1971; Atlanta Constitution, October 5 and 14, 1971; New York Times, November 7, 1971; Brack, Gwinnett, 109-10; and Christopher Silver and John V. Moeser, The Separate City: Black Communities in the Urban South, 1940-1968 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995), 175. Clarence N. Stone, Regime Politics: Atlanta, 1946-1988 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989), 100, asserts that race rather than taxation dominated the campaign preceding this referendum.

Scott L. Walker, "Rapid Rail Transit: Its Rebirth, Capabilities and Role in Promoting Urban Economic Development: An Atlanta Case Study" (master’s thesis, Princeton University, 1986), 17f.; Hatfield, "MARTA and the Making of Southern Conservatism," 61-62; Peirce, Deep South States of America, 361-62; and Gwinnett Daily News, November 10, 1971.

Kevin M. Kruse, White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 242-58 ("suburban secession"); James C. Cobb, Georgia Odyssey, 2nd ed. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2008), 78-84; and Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Equality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), 257.

William E. Schmidt, New York Times, June 2, 1985; John Herbers, New York Times, September 5, 1985; Betsy Morris, Wall Street Journal, March 26 and 27, 1987; "The Boom Towns," Time, June 15, 1987, 15-17; James C. Raymondo, "Who’s on First," American Demographics 9 (November 1987): 38-41+; David Massey, "Gwinnett Takes Off," American Demographics 10 (February 1988): 45; Moving Beyond Sprawl: The Challenge for Metropolitan Atlanta (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, 2000), 41; and Hodler and Schretter, Atlas of Georgia, 186-203.

"1993 Hi-Tech Directory" (Duluth, GA: Gwinnett County Chamber of Commerce, 1993); Charles Rutheiser, Imagineering Atlanta: The Politics of Place in the City of Dreams (New York: Verso, 1996), 101; Hodler and Schretter, Atlas of Georgia, 115 and 125; and Brack, Gwinnett, 274-99.

U.S. Census Bureau’s Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics, http://lehd.did.census.gov/led/ (accessed January 5, 2009).

Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York: Knopf, 2003), 6; Brack, Gwinnett, 13-14; Garreau, Edge City, 156; Durden, "Suburban Revisions," 19-23; "Atlanta Region Outlook" (Atlanta: Atlanta Regional Commission, 1996), 66; Atlanta Journal and Constitution, February 19, 1989; Pat Murphy, "Scott Hudgens: His Road to Success Led to Gwinnett," Inside Gwinnett 3, no. 2 (Summer 1987): 31; Bill Kirby, Dynamic Gwinnett, Legacy, Life, and Vision (Atlanta: Longstreet Press, 1993); Editorial, Gwinnett Daily News, October 1, 1978; Pat Murdock, Gwinnett Daily News, September 14, 1986; and Charles Davidson and Pat Murdock, Gwinnett Daily News, May 22, 1988.

Sally Wallace , The Level and Growth of Property Taxes in the Atlanta Area ( Atlanta: Research Atlanta, 1988), 11.

Garreau, Edge City, 170; as well as Hodler and Schretter, Atlas of Georgia, 166-70.

Patricia Atkins et al., "Edge Counties Struggle with Impacts of Rapid Growth," Housing Facts and Findings 4, no. 3 (2002): 6-7; Robert E. Lang, "Growth Counties Drive Regional Expansion," Housing Facts and Findings, 4, no. 3 (2002): n.p.; and Robert E. Lang and Patrick Simmons, "Edge Counties: Metropolitan Growth Engines," Fannie Mae Foundation Census Note 11 (June 2003): 1-10.

Thomas Byrne Edsall with Mary D. Edsall , Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics ( New York: Norton, 1991), 138, 172.

Examples of early attention to Irvine, much of it admiring, include Sid Bernstein, Los Angeles Examiner, September 3, 1960; "An Auto Tour of the Irvine Ranch," Sunset, March 1962, 49; Seymour Freedgood, "88,000 Golden Acres Waiting for the Dust to Settle," Forbes 68 (November 1963): 142-47+; "‘New Town’ Rises Back at the Ranch," Business Week, September 23, 1967, 176-78; Myron Roberts, "Making of a City," Saturday Review 50 (September 23, 1967): 72-74; Christian Science Monitor, April 10, 1964; New York Times, January 20, 1964, June 27, 1968, and April 19, 1970; George A. W. Boehm, "The Ideal City-Can We Build It?" Think (January-February 1968), 2-7; "Irvine," Architectural Record 154 (December 1973): 112-17; Knox, Metroburbia, 95; and Raymond Burby III, Shirley F. Weiss, et al., New Communities U.S.A. (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1976), 89-91.

Especially pertinent is Tracy Childs, Irvine World News, August 14, 1986, which sets Baldassare’s concept of disurb within Irvine. Also refer to Mark Baldassare, Trouble in Paradise: The Suburban Transformation of America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), 8; Baldassare, "Suburban Industrialization: Density, Diversification, and Changing Public Attitudes," in Joseph DiMento et al., eds., The Urban Cauldron: The Second Annual Donald G. Hagman Conference (Cambridge, MA: Oegleschalger, Gunn and Hain for the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 1986), 31; Baldassare, "Transportation in Suburbia: Trends in Attitudes, Behaviors, and Policy Preferences in Orange County, California," Transportation 18, no. 3 (1991): 207-22; Frederick Rose, Wall Street Journal, November 27, 1987; Ellen J. Bartlett, Boston Globe, January 28, 1988; Asa Briggs, Victorian Cities, foreword by Andrew and Lynn Hollen Lees (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 56, 96; Diane Grinkevich Kane, "Westlake and Irvine: California Paradigms for the 21st Century" (PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 1996), 166-67; Howard J. Nelson and William A. V. Clark, The Los Angeles Metropolitan Experience: Uniqueness, Generality, and the Goal of a Good Life (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1976), 27-32; and Philip J. Ethington, "The Spatial Growth of Los Angeles," in Hynda L. Rudd et al., eds., The Development of Los Angeles City Government: An Institutional History, 2 vols. (Los Angeles: Los Angeles City Historical Society, 2007), 2:664.

Two recent books devote considerable attention to Irvine: Nicholas Dagen Bloom, Suburban Alchemy: 1960s New Towns and the Transformation of the American Dream (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2001); and Ann Forsyth , Reforming Suburbia: The Planned Communities of Irvine, Columbia, and the Woodlands ( Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005). But also consult, with great profit, Martin J. Schiesl , "Designing the Model Community: The Irvine Company and Suburban Development, 1950-1988 ," in Rob Kling et al., eds., Postsuburban California: The Transformation of Orange County since World War II (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 53-91.

A measure of this place’s once peripheral geographical circumstances is the fact that no attention was accorded the Irvine Ranch in Carey McWilliams, Southern California Country: An Island on the Land (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1946), a benchmark chronicle of the region.

"Orange County Progress Report 2001" (Fullerton, CA: Center for Demographic Research, 2001), 169.

Robert Glass Cleland, The Irvine Ranch, revised with an epilogue by Robert V. Hine (Pasadena, CA: Huntington Library, 1962), 67-70; Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York: Verso, 1990), 107-8; Paul Wallace Gates, "Corporation Farming in California," in Ray A. Billington, ed., People of the Plains and Mountains: Essays in the History of the West Dedicated to Everett Dick (New York: Greenwood, 1973), 146-74; Lisabeth Haas, Conquests and Historical Identities in California, 1769-1936 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 122-23; and Richard Dale Batman, "Orange County, California: A Comprehensive History-Part I," Journal of the West 4, no. 1 (January 1965): 1-15.

For the best assessments of Pereira, consult the following: Douglas Frantz, From the Ground Up: The Business of Building in the Age of Money (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 42-43; James Steele, ed., William Pereira (Los Angeles: USC Guild Press, 2002), 12-19, 103-39; Douglas C. McGill, New York Times, November 15, 1985; and Barbara Goldstein, "William L. Pereira, FAIA, 1909-1985," Progressive Architecture 67 January 1986, 28. For the cover story about Pereira see "Vistas for the Future," Time, September 6, 1963. On the plan for the university campus consult Pereira and Luckman, Consultants, "University of California Site Selection Study: A Report on the Search for New Campus Sites, Southern California Metropolitan Center Section; South Cross Section" (1959), 3-24 (deposited in the University Archives of the University of California, Irvine and also may be found in the stacks of the Environmental Design Library at the University of California, Berkeley); and "Long Range Development Plan, University of California, Irvine" (1963) (found in the University Archives of the University of California, Irvine) as well as Kevin Starr, Golden Dreams, California in the Age of Abundance, 1950- 1963 (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2009), 241.

On the history of Title VII refer to Roger Biles, "New Towns and the Great Society: A Case Study of Politics and Planning," Planning Perspectives 13, no. 2 (April 1998): 113-32; William Nicoson, "The Role of the Federal Government in New Town Community Development: Present and Projected," in Shirley Weiss et al., eds., New Town Development: Planning Process, Implementation, and Emerging Social Concerns, 2 vols, vol. 1. (Chapel Hill, NC: Center for Urban and Regional Studies, 1974), 32, 167-69.

Forsyth, Reforming Suburbia, 45, 279, but also refer to Schiesl, "Designing the Model Community," 64-69.

Herbert J. Gans, The Levittowners: Ways of Suburban Life in a New Suburban Community, with a new introduction by the author (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), 57-60.

CNN Money survey found at http://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/bplive/2008/ (accessed June 1, 2009).

Lang and LeFurgy, Boomburgs, 1-21, 69.

Paul Goldberger , "Orange County Tomorrowland-Wall-to-Wall," New York Times, December 11, 1988.

Reed Ueda, Postwar Immigrant America: A Social History (New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1994), 44-46; G. Calvin McKenzie and Robert Weisbrot, The Liberal Hour: Washington and the Politics of Change in the 1960s (New York: Penguin, 2008), 180; and James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996), 569-78. The foregoing must be considered in tandem with Mae N. Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), 227-30, which pinpoints how this legislation exacerbated-rather than alleviated-illegal immigration, especially for Mexicans.

Michael Jones-Correa, "Reshaping the American Dream: Immigrants, Ethnic Minorities, and the Politics of the New Suburbs," in Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue, eds., The New Suburban History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 183-204; William H. Frey, "Metropolitan Magnets for International and Domestic Migrants," in Alan Berube et al., eds., Redefining Urban and Suburban America: Evidence from Census 2000, 3 vols. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2005), 2:17; Susan W. Hardwick, "Toward a Suburban Immigrant Nation," in Audrey Singer et al., eds., Twenty-First Century Gateways: Immigrant Incorporation in Suburban America (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2008), 31-50; Margaret Pugh O’Mara, "Suburbia Reconsidered: Race, Politics, and Property in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Social History 39, no. 1 (Fall 2005): 229; and Amanda I. Seligman, "The New Suburban History," Journal of Planning History 3, no. 4 (November 2004): 319-21.

John R. Logan, "Settlement Patterns in Metropolitan America," in Mary C. Waters and Reed Ueda, with Helen B. Marrow, eds., The New Americans: A Guide to Immigration since 1965 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 83-97. The role of recent immigration in the narrative of American history is very much evident in several recent books published since 2000, among them Abbott, Urban America, 101-5; Katz and Stern, One Nation Divisible, 109-20; James T. Patterson, Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2005), 292-301; and Teaford, Metropolitan Revolution, 207-24.

Walter Nugent, Into the West: The Story of Its People (New York: Knopf, 1999), 325-26, and Knox, Metroburbia, 56, provide a superb discussion of how the immigration legislation reconfigured the demographics of Orange County.

Carl Abbott , How Cities Won the West: Four Centuries of Urban Change in Western North America (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2008), 241-47, is especially helpful on California.

Barry R. Chiswick and Paul W. Miller, "Immigrant Enclaves, Ethnic Goods, and the Adjustment Process," in Elliot R. Barkan et al., From Arrival to Incorporation: Migrants to the U.S. in a Global Era (New York University Press, 2008), 80-81.

Jorge H. Atiles and Stephanie A. Bohon, The Needs of Georgia’s New Latinos, A Policy Agenda for the Decade Ahead (Athens: University of Georgia, Carl Vinson Institute of Government, 2002), 6-7; Mary E. Odem, "Latino Immigrants and the Politics of Space in Atlanta," in Mary E. Odem and Elaine Lacey, eds., Latino Immigrants and the Transformation of the US South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2009), 117-18; Odem, "Latin American Immigration and the New Multiethnic South," in Matthew D. Lassister and Joseph Crespino, eds., The Myth of Southern Exceptionalism (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010), 246-49; Raymond A. Mohl, "Globalization, Latinization, and the Nuevo South," in James C. Cobb and William Stueck, eds., Globalization and the American South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2005), 66-99; and Cobb, Georgia Odyssey, 134-37.

The concept of ethnoburb is developed in Wei Li, Ethnoburb: The New Ethnic Community in Urban America (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2009), 29-49. The census statistics cited have been marshaled by the Atlanta Regional Commission via "Diversity Is Our Strength: A Community Conversation in Gwinnett County" (June 21, 2005), http://www.atlantaregional.com/documents/gaw _conversation_gwinnett.pdf (accessed June 3, 2009) as well as U.S. Census Bureau, "Census 2000, Table P6, Race/Total Population SF3 (Sample Data)"; Durden, "Suburban Revisions," 39-47; and Rachel L. Swarns, New York Times, August 4, 2006. Also refer, of course, to Ha Jin, A Free Life (New York: Pantheon, 2007), 168-73 as well as Ha Jin, The Writer as Migrant (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), ix. Listen to Ha Jin’s interview at Powell’s Bookstore (Portland, Oregon), http:// www.powells.com/authors/jin.html (accessed June 4, 2009). On the Hindu temple in Lilburn, Doug Nurse, Atlanta Constitution March 27, 2001; Brian Fegens, Atlanta Constitution, December 20, 2005; and Brenda Goodman, New York Times, July 6, 2007. On the geographic distribution of temples refer to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir (accessed June 22, 2009).

On Super H Mart refer to https://www.hmart.com/ourstore/ourstore_main.asp?loc=N/O (accessed February 5, 2008). For the opening of a Super H Mart in Naperville refer to Jake Griffin, Daily Herald, July 24, 2007; Amy Boerema, Daily Herald, September 22, 2007. In Gwinnett, http://foodnearsnellville .wordpress.com/2009/04/05/super-h-mart-duluth-ga/ (accessed June 22, 2009). But also refer to David H. Kaplan and Wei Li, eds., Landscapes of the Ethnic Economy (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), 1-14.

On Edison consult S. Mitra Kalita, Suburban Sahibs: Three Immigrant Families and Their Passage from India to America (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2003); and Maxine N. Lurie and Marc Mappen, eds., Encyclopedia of New Jersey (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2004), 240. On Irvine consult Yuki Kato, "Planning and Social Diversity: Residential Segregation in America New Towns," Urban Studies 43, no. 12 (November 2006): 2285-99.

"Divided Cities in a Global Economy: The 1992 European-North American State-of-the Cities Report" (Washington, DC: German Marshall Fund of the United States, 1992), ii. Expanding on this document are Neal R. Peirce, with Curtis H. Johnson and John Stuart Hall, Citistates: How Urban America Can Prosper in a Competitive World (Santa Ana, CA: Seven Locks Press, 1993), 299-300.