The article is based on a literature review on the concepts suffering and illness put into perspective of patients with incurable cancer. The article is divided into four parts: Illness defined in relation to disease, ideas about illness and suffering based on deductive theories, theories about patients lived experience of illness and suffering, and nurses experience of patients' suffering. The conclusion is that the nature of suffering experiences have not yet been clearly described according to individual groups of patients and that more research concerning suffering needs to be initiated by nurses.
HaldM. Døende kræftpatienter på hospitalet. Århus: Kræftens bekæmpelse; 1993.
9.
KaasaS. Kommentar og abstrakt. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Palliativ medicin. Suppl: 1 og 10–16.
10.
ÔhlenJ. Lindra Lidande. Omsorg1998; 4: 52–7.
11.
MorseJMJohnsonJL. The Illness Experience-Dimension of Suffering. California: Sage Publications, Inc.; 1991.
12.
MorseJMCarterB. The Essence of Enduring and Expressions of Suffering: The Reformulation of Self. Schorlarly Inguiry for Nursing Practice1996; 10(1): 43–62.
13.
DalyJ. The View of Suffering Within the Human Becoming Theory and The Lived Experience of Suffering. In: ParseR, editor. Illumination. New York: National League for Nursing; 1995. p. 45–60 and 243–268.
14.
DoyleD. Have We looked Beyond the Physical and Psychological?Journal of Pain and Symptom Management1992; 7(5): 302–311.
15.
KahnDLSteevesRH. The Significance of Suffering in Cancer Care. Seminars in Oncology Nursing1995; 11(1): 9–16.
16.
KahnDLSteevesRH. The experience of suffering: Conceptual clarification and theoretical definition. Journal of advanced nursing1986; 11: 623–31.
17.
KleinmanA. Concepts and a Model for the Comparison of Medical Systems as Cultural Systems. Social Science and Medicine1978; 12, no 2B.
18.
KleinmanA. Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture. Berkley: University of California Press; 1980.
19.
KleinmanA. The Illness Narratives. New York: Basic Book; 1992.
20.
CasselEJ. The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine. The new England journal of medicine1982; 306(11): 639–45.
21.
CasselEJ. The Nature of Suffering. In: StarckLP and McGovernJ., editor. The Hidden Dimension of Illness: Human Suffering. New York: National League for Nursing1992. p. 1–10.
TaylorRLWatsonJ. They Shall Not Hurt- Human Suffering and Human Caring. USA: Colorado Associated Press; 1989.
25.
FlamingD. Patients suffering: A taxonomy from the nurse's perspective. Journal of Advanced Nursing1995; 22: 1120–27.
26.
UrquhartP. Issues of suffering in palliative care. International Journal of Palliative Nursing1999; 5(1): 35–39.
27.
ErikssonK. Den lidande människan. Sweden: Liber Utbildning, 1994
28.
KahnDLSteevesRH. Witnesses to Suffering: Nursing Knowledge, Voice, and Vision. Nursing Outlook1994; 42(6): 260–64.
29.
RodgersBLCowlesK V. A conceptual foundation for human suffering in nursing care and research. Journal of Advanced Nursing1997; 25: 1048–53.
30.
CoppLA. The nature and prevention of suffering. Journal of Professionel Nursing1990; 6: 247–49.
31.
GeorgeRJDJenningsAL. Palliative medicine. Postgrad Med J1993; 69: 429–49.
32.
ChernyNICoyleNFoleyKM. Suffering in the Advanced Cancer Patient: A Definition and Taxonomy. Journal of Palliative Care1994; 10(2): 57–70.
33.
CoyleNAdelhardtJFoleyKMPortenoyRK. Character of Terminal Illness in the Advanced Cancer Patient: Pain and Other Symptoms During the Last Four Weeks of Life. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management1990; 5(2): 83–93.
34.
DonnelySWalshD. The Symptoms of Advanced Cancer. Journal of Palliative Care1995; 11(1): 27–32.
35.
HerthK. Fostering hope in terminally-ill people. Journal of Advanced Nursing1990; 15: 1250–59.
36.
HaigC. Sick role and the cancer patient. Eur J Cancer Care1993; 2: 21–3.
37.
FlemmingK. The meaning of hope to palliative cancer patients. International journal of Palliative care1997; 3(1): 14–18.