Chronic Non-Cancer Pain and Opioid Dependence

American Society of Addiction Medicine [www.asam.org/ppol/paindef.htm] accessed 26 November 2003

Hammersley R. , Reid M. Why the pervasive addiction myth is still believed. Addiction Res Theory 2002; 10: 7–30

Davies J.B. (1997) The Myth of Addiction, 2nd edn. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic, 1997

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edn. Washington, DC: APA, 2000

World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 1989 Revision. Geneva: WHO, 1992

Moore A. , Edwards J. , Barden J. , McQuay H. Bandolier's Little Book of Pain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003

Medina J.L. , Diamond S. Drug dependency in patients with chronic headache. Headache 1977; 17: 12–14

Perry S. , Heidrich G. Management of pain during debridement: a survey of US burns units. Pain 1982; 13: 267–80

Porter J. , Jick H. Addiction rare in patients treated with narcotics. N Engl J Med 1980; 302: 123

Bouckoms A.J. , Masand P. , Murray G.B. , Cassem E.H. , Stern T.A. , Tesar G.E. Chronic nonmalignant pain treated with long-term oral narcotic analgesics. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1992; 4: 185–92

Dellemijn P.L.I. Opioids in non-cancer pain: a life-time sentence? Europ J Pain 2001; 5: 333–9

Jamison R.N. , Anderson K.O. , Peeters-Asdourian C. , Ferrante F.M. Survey of opioid use in chronic nonmalignant pain patients. Regional Anesthesia 1994; 19: 225–30

Arkinstall W. , Sandler A. , Goughnour B. , Babul N. , Harsanyi Z. , Darke A.C. Efficacy of controlled-release codeine in chronic non-malignant pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pain 1995; 62: 169–78

Moulin D.E. , Iezzi A. Randomised trial of oral morphine for chronic non-cancer pain. Lancet 1996; 347: 143–7

Woolf C.J. , Mannion R.J. Neuropathic pain: aetiology, symptoms, mechanisms, and management. Lancet 1999; 53: 1959–64

Portenoy R.K. Opioid therapy for chronic nonmalignant pain: a review of the critical issues. J Pain Symptom Management 1996; ii: 203–17

Chong M.S. , Bajwa Z.H. Diagnosis and treatment of neuropathic pain. J Pain Symptom Management 2003; 25(suppl.): S4–11

Bannwarth B. Risk-benefit assessment of opioids in chronic noncancer pain. Drug Safety 1999; 21: 283–96

Collett B.J. Chronic opioid therapy for non-cancer pain. Br J Anaesth 2001; 87: 133–43

Nicholson B. Responsible prescribing of opioids for the management of chronic pain. Drugs 2003; 63: 17–32

Strumpf M. , Dertwinkel R. , Wiebalck Bading B. , Zenz M. Role of opioid analgesics in the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain. CNS Drugs 2000; 14: 147–55

Heit H.A. The truth about pain management: the difference between a pain patient and an addicted patient. Europ J Pain 2001; 5(suppl. A): 27–9

Adriaensen H. , Vissers K. , Noorduin H. , Meert T. Opioid tolerance and dependence: an inevitable consequence of chronic treatment? Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2003; 54: 37–47

Aronoff G.M. Opioids in chronic pain management: is there a significant risk of addiction? Curr Rev Pain 2000; 4: 112–21

Passik S.D. , Weinreb H.J. Managing chronic nonmalignant pain: overcoming obstacles to the use of opioids. Adv Ther 2000; 17: 70–83

Fishbain D.A. , Rosomoff H.L. , Rosomoff R.S. Drug abuse, dependence, and addiction in chronic pain patients. Clin Pain 1992; 8: 77–8

Savage S. Opioid therapy of chronic pain: assessment of consequences. Acta Anaesth Scand 1999; 43: 909–17

Zenz M. , Strumpf M. , Tryba M. Long-term oral opioid therapy in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. J Pain Symptom Management 1992; 7: 69–76

Hoffman N.G. , Olofsson O. , Salen B. , Wickstrom L. Prevalence of abuse and dependency in chronic pain patients. Int J Addictions 1995; 30: 919–27

Savage S.R. Assessment for addiction in pain-treatment settings. Clin J Pain 2002; 18(suppl.): S28–38

Kouyanou K. , Pither C.E. , Wessely S. Medication misuse, abuse and dependence in chronic pain patients. J Psychosom Res 1997; 43: 497–504

Maruta T. , Swanson D.W. , Finlayson R.E. Drug abuse and dependency in patients with chronic pain. Mayo Clinic Proc 1979; 54: 241–4

Reid M.C. , Engles-Horton L.L. , Weber M. , Kerns R.D. , Rogers E.L. , O'Connor P.G. Use of opioid medications for chronic noncancer pain syndromes in primary care. J Gen Intern Med 2002; 17: 173–9

Jonasson U. , Jonasson B. , Wickström L. , Andersson E. , Saldeen T. Analgesic use disorders among orthopedic and chronic pain patients at a rehabilitation. Substance Use Misuse 1998; 33: 1375–85

Dunbar S.A. , Katz N.P. Chronic opioid therapy for nonmalignant pain in patients with a history of substance abuse: report of 20 cases. J Pain Symptom Management 1996; 11: 163–71

Weissman D.E. , Haddox J.D. Opioid pseudo-addiction: an iatrogenic syndrome. Pain 1989; 36: 363–6

Compton P. , Darakjian J. , Miotto K. Screening for addiction in patients with chronic pain and “problematic” substance use: evaluation of a pilot assessment tool. J Pain Symptom Management 1998; 16: 355–63

Bendtsen P. , Hensing G. , Ebeling C. , Schedin A. What are the dilemmas experienced when prescribing opioids in general practice? Pain 1999; 82: 89–96

Longo L.P. , Parran T. , Johnson B. , Kinsey W. Addiction: Part II. Identification and management of the drug-seeking patient. Am Family Physician 2000; 61: 2401–8

Stein M.D. , Mulvey K.P. , Plough A. , Samet J.H. The functioning and well being of persons who seek treatment for drug and alcohol use. J Substance Abuse 1999; 10: 75–84

Kennedy J.A. , Crowley T.J. Chronic pain and substance abuse: a pilot study of opioid-maintenance. J Substance Abuse Treatment 1990; 7: 233–8

Rosenblum A. , Joseph H. , Fong C. , Kipnis S. , Cleland C. , Portenoy R.K. Prevalence and characteristics of chronic pain among chemically dependent patients in methadone maintenance and residential treatment facilities. JAMA 2003; 289: 2370–8

Jamison R.N. , Kauffman J. , Katz N.P. Characteristics of methadone maintenance patients with chronic pain. J Pain Symptom Management 2000; 19: 53–62

Compton P. , Charuvastra V.C. , Ling W. Pain intolerance in opioid-maintained former opiate addicts: effect of long-acting maintenance agent. Drug Alcohol Dependence 2001; 63: 139–46

Weaver M. , Schnoll S. Abuse liability in opioid therapy for pain treatment in patients with an addiction history. Clin J Pain 2002; 18(suppl.): S61–9