Tangible Line Graphs: An Evaluation and Some Systematic Strategies for Exploration

Describes initial research on developing and evaluating a tangible graphics system. A relatively simple format—the line graph—was investigated because it was a relatively direct translation from the standard visual format, yet provided the haptic system with sufficient information to be effective. Four display designs were evaluated: no grid, grid-on-graph, grid overlay, and grid underlay The grid-on-graph and grid underlay designs proved to be most effective, as determined by both performance (speed and accuracy) and user preference. The results suggest that tangible graphs are a viable source of spatial information for blind readers. Tactual exploration strategies are considered in detail, and several design improvements are proposed.