This study compared three types of personal-space preference (PSP)— Initial PSP, Approach PSP, and Stop-Distance PSP—of male elementary and high school students in talking with an adult female conversation partner in a natural conversation setting. The boys were divided into three groups: boys with severe visual impairments, sighted boys who were blindfolded, and sighted boys with no visual restrictions. The visually impaired boys and the sighted, blindfolded boys chose smaller Initial PSPs, but on Approach PSP and Stop-Distance PSP, all three groups performed comparably.
BiglanA., Van HasseltV., & SimonJ. (1988). Visual impairment. In Van HasseltV., StrainP., & HersonM. (Eds.), Handbook of development and physical disabilities (pp. 451–502). New York: Pergamon Press.
3.
CzerwinskiM. H., & TaitP. E. (1981). Blind children's perceptions of normal, withdrawn and antisocial behavior. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 75, 252–257.
4.
EatonS. B., Snook-HillM.-M., & FuchsL. S. (1997). Personal space preference among adolescents with visual disabilities. RE:view, 29, 7–15.
5.
FichtenC., JuddD., TagalaskisV, AmselR., & RobillardK. (1991). Communication cues used by people with and without visual impairments in daily conversation and dating. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 85, 371–377.
6.
GelberA. H. (1980). The development of social cognition in blind children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, City University of New York.
7.
HallE. T. (1966). The silent language.Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
8.
HallJ. A. (1985). Male and female nonverbal behavior. In SiegmanA. & FeldsteinS. (Eds.), Multichannel integrations of nonverbal behavior (pp. 195–225). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
9.
HaydukL. A. (1978). Personal space: An evaluative and orienting overview. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 117–134.
10.
HaydukL. A. (1983). Personal space: Where we now stand. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 295–335.
11.
HaydukL., & MainprizeS. (1980). Personal space of the blind. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43, 216–223.
12.
HillE. W., & BlaschB. (1987). Concept development. In WelshR. & BlaschB. (Eds.), Foundations of orientation and mobility (pp. 265–290). New York: American Foundation for the Blind.
13.
LarsonJ., & LoweW. (1990). Family cohesion and personal space in families with adolescents. Journal of Family Issues, 11, 101–108.
14.
LattaR. M. (1978). Relation of status incongruence to personal space. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 143–146.
15.
MallenbyT. W. (1974). Personal space direct measurement techniques with hard-of-hearing children. Environment and Behavior, 6, 117–122.
16.
McBrideG., KingM.G., JamesJ. W. (1965). Social proximity effects on galvanic skin responses in adult humans. Journal of Psychology, 61, 153–157.
17.
NesbittP. D., & StevenG. (1974). Personal space and stimulus intensity at a southern California amusement park. Sociometry, 37, 237–252.
18.
ParkeK., ShallerossR., & AndersonK. (1980). Differences in coverbal behavior between blind and sighted persons during dyadic communication. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 74, 142–146.
19.
PattersonM. L. (1994). Interaction behavior and person perception. Small Group Research, 25, 172–188.
20.
PedersonD. M. (1973). Development of a personal space measure. Psychological Reports, 32, 527–535.
21.
SacksS. Z. (1992). The social development of visually impaired children: A theoretical perspective. In SacksS., KekelisL., & Gaylord-RossR. (Eds.), The development of social skills by blind and visually impaired students (pp. 3–11). New York: American Foundation for the Blind.
22.
SchneeklothL. H. (1989). Play environments for visually impaired children. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 83, 196–201.
23.
SigelmanC. K., & AdamsR. M. (1990). Family interactions in public: Parent-child distance and touching. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 14, 63–75.
24.
SommerR. (1959). Studies in personal space. Sociometry, 22, 247–260.
25.
UgwuegbuD. C., & AnusiemA. U. (1982). Effects of stress on interpersonal distance in a simulated interview situation. Journal of Social Psychology, 116, 3–7.
26.
WarrenD. L. (1984). Blindness and early childhood development.New York: American Foundation for the Blind.
27.
WarrenD. L. (1994). Blindness and children: An individual differences approach.New York: Cambridge University Press.