National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Fact Sheet: National Estimates and General Information on Diabetes and Prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2011.

Brown SA . Interventions to promote diabetes self-management: state of the science. Diabetes Educ. 1999;25(6)(suppl):52-61.

Norris SL Lau J Smith SJ . Self-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of the effect on glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(7):1159-1171.

Gary TL Genkinger JM Guallar E . Meta-analysis of randomized educational and behavioral interventions in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2003;29(3):488-501.

Deakin T McShane CE Cade JE . Group based training for self-management strategies in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;2:CD003417.

Renders CM Valk GD Griffin SJ . Interventions to improve the management of diabetes in primary care, outpatient, and community settings: a systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(10):1821-1833.

Ratner RE . An update on the Diabetes Prevention Program. Endocr Pract. 2006;12(suppl 1):20-24.

Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP): description of lifestyle intervention. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(12):2165-2171.

Peyrot M Rubin RR Funnell MM . Access to diabetes self-management education: results of national surveys of patients, educators, and physicians. Diabetes Educ. 2009;35(2):246-248, 252-246, 258-263.

Inzucchi SE Bergenstal RM Buse JB . Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2012;35(6):1364-1379.

Anderson RM Funnell MM Nwankwo R . Evaluating a problem-based empowerment program for African Americans with diabetes: results of a randomized controlled trial. Ethn Dis. 2005;15(4):671-678.

Tang TS Gillard ML Funnell MM . Developing a new generation of ongoing: diabetes self-management support interventions. A preliminary report. Diabetes Educ. 2005;31(1):91-97.

Funnell MM Nwankwo R Gillard ML . Implementing an empowerment-based diabetes self-management education program. Diabetes Educ. 2005;31(1):53, 55-56, 61.

Glazier RH Bajcar J Kennie NR . A systematic review of interventions to improve diabetes care in socially disadvantaged populations. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(7):1675-1688.

Fjeldsoe BS Marshall AL Miller YD . Behavior change interventions delivered by mobile telephone short-message service. Am J Prev Med. 2009;36(2):165-173.

Armstrong G Headrick L Madigosky W . Designing education to improve care. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2012;38(1):5-14.

Martin AL . Changes and consistencies in diabetes education over 5 years: results of the 2010 National Diabetes Education Practice Survey. Diabetes Educ. 2012;38(1):35-46.

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Disease-Specific Care Certification Manual. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations; 2010.

Siminerio LM Piatt GA Emerson S . Deploying the chronic care model to implement and sustain diabetes self-management training programs. Diabetes Educ. 2006;32(2):253-260.

Siminerio LM Piatt G Zgibor JC . Implementing the chronic care model for improvements in diabetes care and education in a rural primary care practice. Diabetes Educ. 2005;31(2):225-234.

Boren SA Fitzner KA Panhalkar PS . Costs and benefits associated with diabetes education: a review of the literature. Diabetes Educ. 2009;35(1):72-96.

McWilliams JM Meara E Zaslavsky AM . Health of previously uninsured adults after acquiring Medicare coverage. JAMA. 2007;298(24):2886-2894.

Bell RA Mayer-Davis EJ Beyer JW . Diabetes in non-Hispanic white youth: prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics. The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(suppl 2):S102-S111.

Glasgow RE . Interactive media for diabetes self-management: issues in maximizing public health impact. Med Decis Making. 2010;30(6):745-758.

Lorig K Ritter PL Villa FJ . Community-based peer-led diabetes self-management: a randomized trial. Diabetes Educ. 2009;35(4):641-651.

Duke SA Colagiuri S Colagiuri R . Individual patient education for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;1:CD005268.

Siminerio LM Drab SR Gabbay RA . Diabetes educators: implementing the chronic care model. Diabetes Educ. 2008;34(3):451-456.

Rosal MC Ockene IS Restrepo A . Randomized trial of a literacy-sensitive, culturally tailored diabetes self-management intervention for low-income latinos: Latinos en control. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(4):838-844.

Mayer-Davis EJ Beyer J Bell RA . Diabetes in African American youth: prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics. The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(suppl 2):S112-S122.

Liu LL Yi JP Beyer J . Type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Asian and Pacific Islander US youth: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(suppl 2):S133-S140.

Hill-Briggs F Batts-Turner M Gary TL . Training community health workers as diabetes educators for urban African Americans: value added using participatory methods. Prog Community Health Partnersh. 2007;1(2):185-194.

Unutzer J Schoenbaum M Katon WJ . Healthcare costs associated with depression in medically ill fee-for-service Medicare participants. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(3):506-510.

Walker EA Shmukler C Ullman R . Results of a successful telephonic intervention to improve diabetes control in urban adults: a randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(1):2-7.

Wubben DP Vivian EM . Effects of pharmacist outpatient interventions on adults with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Pharmacotherapy. 2008;28(4):421-436.

Remler DK Teresi JA Weinstock RS . Health care utilization and self-care behaviors of Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes: comparison of national and ethnically diverse underserved populations. Popul Health Manag. 2011;14(1):11-20.

Peikes D Chen A Schore J . Effects of care coordination on hospitalization, quality of care, and health care expenditures among Medicare beneficiaries: 15 randomized trials. JAMA. 2009;301(6):603-618.

Rothman RL Malone R Bryant B . A randomized trial of a primary care-based disease management program to improve cardiovascular risk factors and glycated hemoglobin levels in patients with diabetes. Am J Med. 2005;118(3):276-284.

Holmes-Walker DJ Llewellyn AC Farrell K . A transition care programme which improves diabetes control and reduces hospital admission rates in young adults with type 1 diabetes aged 15-25 years. Diabet Med. 2007;24(7):764-769.

Glasgow RE Nelson CC Strycker LA . Using RE-AIM metrics to evaluate diabetes self-management support interventions. Am J Prev Med. 2006;30(1):67-73.

Baker LC Johnson SJ Macaulay D . Integrated telehealth and care management program for Medicare beneficiaries with chronic disease linked to savings. Health Aff (Millwood). 2011;30(9):1689-1697.

Piatt GA Anderson RM Brooks MM . 3-year follow-up of clinical and behavioral improvements following a multifaceted diabetes care intervention: results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Educ. 2010;36(2):301-309.

Kerr EA Heisler M Krein SL . Beyond comorbidity counts: how do comorbidity type and severity influence diabetes patients’ treatment priorities and self-management? J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(12):1635-1640.

Bowen ME Rothman RL . Multidisciplinary management of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2010;3:113-124.

Dejesus RS Vickers KS Stroebel RJ . Primary care patient and provider preferences for diabetes care managers. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2010;4:181-186.

Stuckey HL Dellasega C Graber NJ . Diabetes nurse case management and motivational interviewing for change (DYNAMIC): study design and baseline characteristics in the chronic care model for type 2 diabetes. Contemp Clin Trials. 2009;30(4):366-374.

Heuer LJ Hess C Batson A . Cluster clinics for migrant Hispanic farmworkers with diabetes: perceptions, successes, and challenges. Rural Remote Health. 2006;6(1):469.

Cebul RD Love TE Jain AK . Electronic health records and quality of diabetes care. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(9):825-833.

Rosal MC White MJ Borg A . Translational research at community health centers: challenges and successes in recruiting and retaining low-income Latino patients with type 2 diabetes into a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Educ. 2010;36(5):733-749.

Austin SA Claiborne N . Faith wellness collaboration: a community-based approach to address type II diabetes disparities in an African-American community. Soc Work Health Care. 2011;50(5):360-375.

Parekh AK Goodman RA Gordon C . Managing multiple chronic conditions: a strategic framework for improving health outcomes and quality of life. Public Health Rep. 2011;126(4):460-471.

Rothman RL So SA Shin J . Labor characteristics and program costs of a successful diabetes disease management program. Am J Manag Care. 2006;12(5):277-283.

May CR Finch TL Cornford J . Integrating telecare for chronic disease management in the community: what needs to be done? BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;11:131.

Williams AS . Making diabetes education accessible for people with visual impairment. Diabetes Educ. 2009;35(4):612-621.

Reichard A Stolzle H . Diabetes among adults with cognitive limitations compared to individuals with no cognitive disabilities. Intellect Dev Disabil. 2011;49(3):141-154.

Gimpel N Marcee A Kennedy K . Patient perceptions of a community-based care coordination system. Health Promot Pract. 2010;11(2):173-181.

Welch G Allen NA Zagarins SE . Comprehensive diabetes management program for poorly controlled Hispanic type 2 patients at a community health center. Diabetes Educ. 2011;37(5):680-688.

Peterson KA Radosevich DM O’Connor PJ . Improving diabetes care in practice: findings from the TRANSLATE trial. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(12):2238-2243.

Bojadzievski T Gabbay RA . Patient-centered medical home and diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(4):1047-1053.

Wagner EH . The role of patient care teams in chronic disease management. BMJ. 2000;320(7234):569-572.

Koproski J Pretto Z Poretsky L . Effects of an intervention by a diabetes team in hospitalized patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(10):1553-1555.

Weinberger M Kirkman MS Samsa GP . A nurse-coordinated intervention for primary care patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: impact on glycemic control and health-related quality of life. J Gen Intern Med. 1995;10(2):59-66.

Spellbring AM . Nursing’s role in health promotion. An overview. Nurs Clin North Am. 1991;26(4):805-814.

Glasgow RE Toobert DJ Hampson SE . Improving self-care among older patients with type II diabetes: the “Sixty Something . . .” Study. Patient Educ Couns. 1992;19(1):61-74.

Delahanty L Simkins SW Camelon K . Expanded role of the dietitian in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial: implications for clinical practice. The DCCT Research Group. J Am Diet Assoc. 1993;93(7):758-764, 767.

Cranor CW Bunting BA Christensen DB . The Asheville Project: long-term clinical and economic outcomes of a community pharmacy diabetes care program. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2003;43(2):173-184.

Garrett DG Bluml BM . Patient self-management program for diabetes: first-year clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2005;45(2):130-137.

Shane-McWhorter L Fermo JD Bultemeier NC . National survey of pharmacist certified diabetes educators. Pharmacotherapy. 2002;22(12):1579-1593.

Anderson RM Donnelly MB Dedrick RF . The attitudes of nurses, dietitians, and physicians toward diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 1991;17(4):261-268.

Lorenz RA Bubb J Davis D . Changing behavior: practical lessons from the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes Care. 1996;19(6):648-652.

Ockene JK Ockene IS Quirk ME . Physician training for patient-centered nutrition counseling in a lipid intervention trial. Prev Med. 1995;24(6):563-570.

Leggett-Frazier N Swanson MS Vincent PA . Telephone communications between diabetes clients and nurse educators. Diabetes Educ. 1997;23(3):287-293.

Baksi AK Al-Mrayat M Hogan D . Peer advisers compared with specialist health professionals in delivering a training programme on self-management to people with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med. 2008;25(9):1076-1082.

Piatt GA Orchard TJ Emerson S . Translating the chronic care model into the community: results from a randomized controlled trial of a multifaceted diabetes care intervention. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(4):811-817.

Campbell EM Redman S Moffitt PS . The relative effectiveness of educational and behavioral instruction programs for patients with NIDDM: a randomized trial. Diabetes Educ. 1996;22(4):379-386.

Emerson S . Implementing diabetes self-management education in primary care. Diabetes Spectrum. 2006;19(2):79-83.

Satterfield D Burd C Valdez L . The “in-between people”: participation of community health representatives and lay health workers in diabetes prevention and care in American Indian and Alaska Native communities. Health Promot Pract. 2002;3:66-175.

American Association of Diabetes Educators. Community Health Workers position statement. http://www.diabeteseducator.org/ProfessionalResources/position/position_statements.html . Accessed June 26, 2012.

American Public Health Association. Support for community health workers to increase health access and to reduce health inequities. http://www.apha.org/advocacy/policy/policysearch/default.htm?id=1393 . Accessed June 26, 2012.

Norris SL Chowdhury FM Van Le K . Effectiveness of community health workers in the care of persons with diabetes. Diabet Med. 2006;23(5):544-556.

Lewin SA Dick J Pond P . Lay health workers in primary and community health care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005(1):CD004015.

Lorig KR Ritter P Stewart AL . Chronic disease self-management program: 2-year health status and health care utilization outcomes. Med Care. 2001;39(11):1217-1223.

Ruggiero L Moadsiri A Butler P . Supporting diabetes self-care in underserved populations: a randomized pilot study using medical assistant coaches. Diabetes Educ. 2010;36(1):127-131.

Spencer MS Rosland AM Kieffer EC . Effectiveness of a community health worker intervention among African American and Latino adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(12):2253-2260.

Heisler M . Building Peer Support Programs to Manage Chronic Disease: Seven Models for Success. Oakland, CA: California Health Care Foundation; 2006.

Long JA Jahnle EC Richardson DM . Peer mentoring and financial incentives to improve glucose control in African American veterans: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156(6):416-424.

American Association of Diabetes Educators. The scope of practice, standards of practice, and standards of professional performance for diabetes educators. http://www.diabeteseducator.org/DiabetesEducation/position/Scope_x_Standards.html . Accessed June 26, 2012.

Valentine V Kulkarni K Hinnen D . Evolving roles: from diabetes educators to advanced diabetes managers. Diabetes Educ. 2003;29(4):598-602, 604, 606.

American Association of Diabetes Educators. AADE guidelines for the practice of diabetes self-management education and training (DSME/T). Diabetes Educ. 2009;35(3):85S-107S.

American Association of Diabetes Educators. Competencies for diabetes educators: a companion document to the guidelines for the practice of diabetes education. http://www.diabeteseducator.org/ProfessionalResources/position/competencies.html . Accessed June 26, 2012.

American Association of Diabetes Educators. A sustainable model of diabetes self-management education/training involves a multi-level team that can include community health workers. http://www.diabeteseducator.org/DiabetesEducation/position/White_Papers.html .

Gillett M Dallosso HM Dixon S . Delivering the Diabetes Education and Self Management for Ongoing and Newly Diagnosed (DESMOND) programme for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: cost effectiveness analysis. BMJ. 2010;341:c4093.

Redman BK . The Practice of Patient Education. 10th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2007.

Mulcahy K Maryniuk M Peeples M . Diabetes self- management education core outcomes measures. Diabetes Educ. 2003;29(5):768-770, 773-784, 787-768.

Reader D Splett P Gunderson EP . Impact of gestational diabetes mellitus nutrition practice guidelines implemented by registered dietitians on pregnancy outcomes. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(9):1426-1433.

Boucher JL Evert A Daly A . American Dietetic Association revised standards of practice and standards of professional performance for registered dietitians (generalist, specialty, and advanced) in diabetes care. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(1):156-166,e151-e127.

American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes: 2012. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(suppl 1):S11-S63.

Bantle JP Wylie-Rosett J Albright AL . Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(suppl 1):S61-S78.

Wagner EH Austin BT Von Korff M . Organizing care for patients with chronic illness. Milbank Q. 1996;74(4):511-544.

Norris SL . Health-related quality of life among adults with diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2005;5(2):124-130.

Herman AA . Community health workers and integrated primary health care teams in the 21st century. J Ambul Care Manage. 2011;34(4):354-361.

Weinger K Beverly EA Lee Y . The effect of a structured behavioral intervention on poorly controlled diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(22):1990-1999.

Norris SL Zhang X Avenell A . Long-term effectiveness of lifestyle and behavioral weight loss interventions in adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2004;117(10):762-774.

Ellis SE Speroff T Dittus RS . Diabetes patient education: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Patient Educ Couns. 2004;52(1):97-105.

Armour TA Norris SL Jack L . The effectiveness of family interventions in people with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabet Med. 2005;22(10):1295-1305.

Magee M Bowling A Copeland J . The ABCs of diabetes: diabetes self-management education program for African Americans affects A1C, lipid-lowering agent prescriptions, and emergency department visits. Diabetes Educ. 2011;37(1):95-103.

Cavanaugh K Huizinga MM Wallston KA . Association of numeracy and diabetes control. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(10):737-746.

Rothman RL DeWalt DA Malone R . Influence of patient literacy on the effectiveness of a primary care-based diabetes disease management program. JAMA. 2004;292(14):1711-1716.

Schillinger D Grumbach K Piette J . Association of health literacy with diabetes outcomes. JAMA. 2002;288(4):475-482.

Rubin RR Peyrot M Saudek CD . The effect of a diabetes education program incorporating coping skills, training on emotional well-being, and diabetes self-efficacy. Diabetes Educ. 1993;19(3):210-214.

Trento M Passera P Borgo E . A 5-year randomized controlled study of learning, problem solving ability, and quality of life modifications in people with type 2 diabetes managed by group care. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(3):670-675.

Izquierdo RE Knudson PE Meyer S . A comparison of diabetes education administered through telemedicine versus in person. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(4):1002-1007.

Garrett N Hageman CM Sibley SD . The effectiveness of an interactive small group diabetes intervention in improving knowledge, feeling of control, and behavior. Health Promot Pract. 2005;6(3):320-328.

Piette JD Glasgow R . Strategies for improving behavioral health outcomes among patients with diabetes: self-management, education. In HC Gerstein RB Haynes , eds. Evidence-Based Diabetes Care. Ontario, Canada: BC Decker Publishers; 2001:207-251.

Boren SA . AADE7TM self-care behaviors: systematic reviews. Diabetes Educ. 2007;33(6):866, 871.

American Association of Diabetes Educators. AADE 7 self-care behaviors, American Association of Diabetes Educators position statement. http://www.diabeteseducator.org/DiabetesEducation/position/position_statements.html . Accessed June 26, 2012.

American Association of Diabetes Educators. AADE position statement: individualization of diabetes self-management education. Diabetes Educ. 2007;33(1):45-49.

Gilden JL Hendryx M Casia C . The effectiveness of diabetes education programs for older patients and their spouses. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1989;37(11):1023-1030.

Brown SA . Effects of educational interventions in diabetes care: a meta-analysis of findings. Nurs Res. 1988;37(4):223-230.

Barlow J Wright C Sheasby J . Self-management approaches for people with chronic conditions: a review. Patient Educ Couns. 2002;48(2):177-187.

Skinner TC Cradock S Arundel F . Four theories and a philosophy: self-management education for individuals newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum. 2003;16(2):75-80.

Brown SA Hanis CL . Culturally competent diabetes education for Mexican Americans: the Starr County Study. Diabetes Educ. 1999;25(2):226-236.

Sarkisian CA Brown AF Norris KC . A systematic review of diabetes self-care interventions for older, African American, or Latino adults. Diabetes Educ. 2003;29(3):467-479.

Chodosh J Morton SC Mojica W . Meta-analysis: chronic disease self-management programs for older adults. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(6):427-438.

Anderson-Loftin W Barnett S Bunn P . Soul food light: culturally competent diabetes education. Diabetes Educ. 2005;31(4):555-563.

Mensing CR Norris SL . Group education in diabetes: effectiveness and implementation. Diabetes Spectrum. 2003;16(2):96-103.

Brown SA Blozis SA Kouzekanani K . Dosage effects of diabetes self-management education for Mexican Americans: the Starr County Border Health Initiative. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(3):527-532.

Hosey GM Freeman WL Stracqualursi F . Designing and evaluating diabetes education material for American Indians. Diabetes Educ. 1990;16(5):407-414.

Thomson FJ Masson EA . Can elderly patients co-operate with routine foot care? Diabetes Spectrum. 1995;8:218-219.

Hawthorne K Robles Y Cannings-John R . Culturally appropriate health education for type 2 diabetes in ethnic minority groups: a systematic and narrative review of randomized controlled trials. Diabet Med. 2010;27(6):613-623.

Cavanaugh K Wallston KA Gebretsadik T . Addressing literacy and numeracy to improve diabetes care: two randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(12):2149-2155.

Doak CC Doak LG Root JH . Teaching Patients with Low Literacy Skills. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott; 2008.

Schillinger D Piette J Grumbach K . Closing the loop: physician communication with diabetic patients who have low health literacy. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(1):83-90.

Channon SJ Huws-Thomas MV Rollnick S . A multicenter randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing in teenagers with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(6):1390-1395.

Naik AD Palmer N Petersen NJ . Comparative effectiveness of goal setting in diabetes mellitus group clinics: randomized clinical trial. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(5):453-459.

Glasgow RE Funnell MM Bonomi AE . Self-management aspects of the improving chronic illness care breakthrough series: implementation with diabetes and heart failure teams. Ann Behav Med. 2002;24(2):80-87.

Estey AL Tan MH Mann K . Follow-up intervention: its effect on compliance behavior to a diabetes regimen. Diabetes Educ. 1990;16(4):291-295.

Beverly EA Ganda OP Ritholz MD . Look who’s (not) talking: diabetic patients’ willingness to discuss self-care with physicians. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(7):1466-1472.

Mulvaney SA Rothman RL Wallston KA . An Internet-based program to improve self-management in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(3):602-604.

Osborn CY Mayberry LS Mulvaney SA . Patient web portals to improve diabetes outcomes: a systematic review. Curr Diab Rep. 2010;10(6):422-435.

Mulvaney SA Ritterband LM Bosslet L . Mobile intervention design in diabetes: review and recommendations. Curr Diab Rep. 2011;11(6):486-493.

Polonsky WH Fisher L Earles J . Assessing psychosocial distress in diabetes: development of the diabetes distress scale. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(3):626-631.

Davis ED . Role of the diabetes nurse educator in improving patient education. Diabetes Educ. 1990;16(1):36-38.

Glasgow RE Davis CL Funnell MM . Implementing practical interventions to support chronic illness self-management. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003;29(11):563-574.

Daly A Leontos C . Legislation for health care coverage for diabetes self-management training, equipment and supplies: past, present and future. Diabetes Spectrum. 1999;12:222-230.

Grebe SK Smith RB . Clinical audit and standardised follow up improve quality of documentation in diabetes care. N Z Med J. 1995;108(1006):339-342.

Aubert RE Herman WH Waters J . Nurse case management to improve glycemic control in diabetic patients in a health maintenance organization: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129(8):605-612.

Glasgow RE Peeples M Skovlund SE . Where is the patient in diabetes performance measures? The case for including patient-centered and self-management measures. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(5):1046-1050.

Beebe CA Schmitt SS . Engaging patients in education for self-management in an accountable care environment. Clin Diabetes. 2011;29(3):123-126.

American Association of Diabetes Educators. Standards for outcomes measurement of diabetes self-management education. http://www.diabeteseducator.org/ProfessionalResources/position/position_statements.html . Accessed June 26, 2012.

American Association of Diabetes Educators. Standards for outcomes measurement of diabetes self-management education, technical review. http://www.diabeteseducator.org/ProfessionalResources/position/position_statements.html . Accessed June 26, 2012.

Anderson D Christison-Lagay J . Diabetes self-management in a community health center: improving health behaviors and clinical outcomes for undeserved patients. Clin Diabetes. 2008;26(1):22-27.

Duncan I Ahmed T Li QE . Assessing the value of the diabetes educator. Diabetes Educ. 2011;37(5):638-657.

Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Science of improvement: how to improve. http://www.ihi.org/knowledge/Pages/HowtoImprove/ScienceofImprovementHowtoImprove.aspx . Accessed June 25, 2012.

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Joint Commission Resources: Cost-Effective Performance Improvement in Ambulatory Care. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations; 2003.