Three studies examine how the future prospects of new group members affect newcomer acceptance and newcomer influence. In Study 1, participants anticipate accepting temporary newcomers less easily than permanent newcomers because they expect temporary newcomers to differ from the group. In Study 2, the effects of newcomer entry in three-person groups are examined. Results show that groups perceived temporary newcomers as more involved in a judgmental decision-making process than permanent newcomers. In Study 3, a hidden profile task confirms that temporary newcomers indeed shared more unique knowledge during discussions than permanent newcomers and that this enhanced the groups' decision quality. However, compared to permanent newcomers, temporary newcomers caused teams to experience more conflict and less group identification, illustrating the tension between innovative group performance and group cohesion. The results are discussed in light of the social identity perspective and research on minority influence.
Anderson, N., De Dreu, C.K.W., & Nijstad, B.A. (2004). The routinization of innovation research: A constructively critical review of the state-of-the-science. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 147-173.
2.
Ashford, S.J., Lee, C., & Bobko, P. (1989). Content, causes, and consequences of job insecurity: A theory-based measure and substantive test. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 803-829.
3.
Baron, R.S., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
4.
Berger, J., Ridgeway, C.L., Fisek, M.H., & Norman, R.Z. (1998). The legitimation and delegitimation of power and prestige orders. American Sociological Review, 63, 379-405.
5.
Bliese, P.D. (2000). Within-team agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implication for data aggregation and analysis. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions (pp. 349-381). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
6.
Brodbeck, F.C., Kerschreiter, R., Mojzisch, A., Frey, D., & Schulz-Hardt, S. (2002). The dissemination of critical, unshared information in decision-making groups: The effects of pre-discussion dissent. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 35-56.
7.
Chen, G., & Klimoski, R.J. (2003). The impact of expectations on newcomer performance in teams as mediated by work characteristics, social exchanges, and empowerment. Academy of Management Journal , 46, 591-607.
8.
Choi, H.-S., & Levine, J.M. (2004). Minority influence in work teams: The impact of newcomers. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 273-280.
9.
Choi, H.S., & Thompson, L. (2005). Old wine in a new bottle: Impact of membership change on group creativity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 98, 121-132.
10.
Cialdini, R.B., & Goldstein, N.J. (2004). Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review Psychology, 55, 591-621.
11.
De Dreu, C.K.W., & Weingart, L.R. (2003). Task versus relationship conflict and team effectiveness: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 741-749.
12.
De Dreu, C.K.W., & West, M.A. (2001). Minority dissent and team innovation: The importance of participation in decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology , 88, 1191-1201.
13.
Ellemers, N., De Gilder, D., & Haslam, S.A. (2004). Motivating individuals and groups at work: A social identity perspective on leadership and group performance. Academy of Management Review, 28, 459-478.
14.
Ellemers, N., Kortekaas, P., & Ouwerkerk, J. (1999). Self-categorization, commitment to the group and group self-esteem as related but distinct aspects of social identity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 371-389.
Felfe, J., Schmook, R., Schyns, B., & Six, B. (2008). Does the form of employment make a difference? Commitment of traditional, temporary and self-employed workers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 81-94.
17.
Gruenfeld, D.H., Mannix, E.A., Williams, K.Y., & Neale, M.A. (1996). Group composition and decision making: How member familiarity and information distribution affect process and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 67, 1-15.
18.
Gruenfeld, D.H., Martorana, P.V., & Fan, E.T. (2000). What do groups learn from their wordliest members? Direct and indirect influence in dynamic teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82, 45-59.
19.
Hornsey, M.J., Grice, T., Jetten, J., Paulsen, N., & Callan, V. (2007). Group-directed criticisms and recommendations for change: Why newcomers arouse more resistance than old-timers. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1036-1048.
20.
James, L.R., Demaree, R.G., & Wolfe, G. (1984). Esitmating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology , 69, 85-98.
21.
Jehn, K.A. (1997). A qualitative analysis of conflict types and dimensions in organizational groups. Administrative Science Quarterly , 42, 530-557.
22.
Kalleberg, A.L., Reynolds, J., & Marsden, P.V. (2003). Externalizing employment: Flexible staffing arrangements in US organizations. Social Science Research, 32, 525-552.
23.
Kane, A.A., Argote, L., & Levine, J.M. (2005). Knowledge transfer between groups via personnel rotation: Effects of social identity and knowledge quality. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 96, 56-71.
24.
Katz, R. & Allen, T.J. (1982). Investigating the not-invented-here (NIH) syndrome: A look at the performance, tenure and communication patterns of 50 R&D project groups. R&D Management, 12, 7-19.
25.
Klein, K.J., & Kozlowski, S.W.J. (2001). Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
26.
Kraimer, M.L., Wayne, S.J., Liden, R.C., & Sparrowe, R.T. (2005). The role of job security in understanding the relationship between employees' perceptions of temporary workers and employees' performance. Journal of Applied Psychology , 90, 389-398.
27.
Landis, R.J., & Koch, G.G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreements for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159-174.
28.
Larson, J.R., Foster-Fishman, P.G., & Keys, C.B. (1994). Discussion of shared and unshared information in decision-making teams. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 446-461.
29.
Levine, J.M., Choi, H.-S., & Moreland, R.L. (2003). Newcomer innovation in work teams. In P. Paulus & B. Nijstad (Eds.), Group creativity: Innovation through collaboration (pp. 202-225). New York: Oxford University Press.
30.
Levine, J.M., & Moreland, R.L. (1985). Innovation and socialization in small groups. In S. Moscovici, G. Mugny, & E. van Avermaet (Eds.), Perspectives on minority influence (pp. 143-169). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
31.
MacKinnon, D.P., Fairchild, A.J., & Fritz, M.S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593-614.
32.
Miller, D.T., Visser, P.S., & Staub, B.D. (2005). How surveillance begets perceptions of dishonesty: The case of the counterfactual sinner. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 117-128.
33.
Molleman, E., & Van der Vegt, G.S. (2007). The performance evaluation of novices: The importance of competence in specific work activity clusters . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80, 459-478.
34.
Moreland, R.L., & Levine, J.M. (2008). Newcomers and oldtimers in small groups. In Psychology of group influence (2nd ed., pp. 143-186). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
35.
Nemeth, C.J. (1986). Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. Psychological Review, 93, 23-32.
36.
Postmes, T., Spears, R., & Cihangir, S. (2001). Quality of decision making and group norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 918-930.
37.
Prislin, R., & Christensen, P.N. (2002). Group conversion versus group expansion as modes of change in majority and minority positions: All losses hurt but only some gains gratify. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1095-1102.
38.
Prislin, R., & Christensen, P.N. (2005). The effects of social change within a group on membership preferences: To leave or not to leave? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 595-609.
39.
Rink, F., & Ellemers, N. (2007). The role of expectancies in accepting task-related diversity: Do disappointment and lack of commitment stem from actual differences or violated expectations? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 842-854.
40.
Rosenthal, R. (1994). Interpersonal expectancy effects: A 30-year perspective . Current Directions in Psychological Science, 3, 176-179.
41.
Sherman, D.K., & Kim, H.S. (2005). Is there an "I" in "team"? The role of the self in group-serving judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 108-120.
42.
Stasser, G. (1992). Pooling of unshared information during group discussion . In Worchel, Wood, and Simpson (Eds.), Group process and productivity (pp. 48-67). Newbury Park, CA : Sage Publications.
43.
Stasser, G., & Titus, W. (1985). Pooling of unshared information in group decision making: Biased information sampling during discussion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1467-1478.
44.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J.C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
45.
Thomas-Hunt, M.C., & Gruenfeld, D.H. (1998). A foot in two worlds: The participation of demographic boundary spanners in work groups. In M. A. Neale, E. A. Mannix, & D. H. Gruenfeld (Eds.), Research on managing groups and teams (Vol. 1, pp. 39-58). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
46.
Veenstra, K., Haslam, S.A., & Reynolds, K.J. (2004). The psychology of casualization: Evidence for the mediating roles of security, status and social identification . British Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 499-514.
47.
Wittenbaum, G.M., Hollingshead, A.B., & Botero, I.C. (2004). From cooperative to motivated information sharing in groups: Moving beyond the hidden profile paradigm. Communication Monographs, 71, 286-310.
48.
Ziller, R.C. (1965). Toward a theory of open and closed groups. Psychological Bulletin, 64, 164-182.
49.
Ziller, R.C., Behringer, R.D., & Goodchilds, J.D. (1962). Group creativity under conditions of success or failure and variations in group stability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 46, 43-49.
