Prior stereotyping research provides conflicting evidence regarding the importance of person categorization along a particular dimension for the automatic activation of a stereotype corresponding to that dimension. Experiment 1 replicated a racial stereotyping effect on object identification and examined whether it could be attenuated by encouraging categorization by age. Experiment 2 employed socially complex person stimuli and manipulated whether participants categorized spontaneously or by race. In Experiment 3, the distinctiveness of the racial dimension was manipulated by having Black females appear in the context of either Black males or White females. The results indicated that conditions fostering categorization by race consistently produced automatic racial stereotyping and that conditions fostering nonracial categorization can eliminate automatic racial stereotyping. Implications for the relation between automatic stereotype activation and dimension of categorization are discussed.
Bargh, J.A. ( 1999). The cognitive monster: The case against controllability of automatic stereotyping effects. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology (pp. 361-382). New York, NY : Guilford.
2.
Bargh, J.A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. ( 1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244.
3.
Blair, I.V., Judd, C.M., & Fallman, J.L. ( 2004). The automaticity of race and Afrocentric facial features in social judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 87, 763-778.
4.
Blair, I.V., Ma, J.E., & Lenton, A.P. ( 2001). Imagining stereotypes away: The moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 828-841.
5.
Brewer, M.B. ( 2007). The social psychology of intergroup relations: Social categorization, ingroup bias, and outgroup prejudice. In A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp. 695-715). New York, NY: Guilford.
6.
Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C.M., & Wittenbrink, B. (2002). The police officer’s dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1314-1329.
7.
Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C.M., Wittenbrink, B., Sadler, M.S., & Keesee, T. ( 2007). Across the thin blue line: Police officers and racial bias in the decision to shoot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1006-1023.
8.
Devine, P.G. ( 1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
9.
Dovidio, J.F., Evans, N., & Tyler, R.B. ( 1986). Racial stereotypes: The content of their cognitive representations . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 22-37.
10.
Eberhardt, J.L., Goff, P.A., Purdie, V.J., & Davies, P.G. ( 2004). Seeing Black: Race, crime, and visual processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 876-893.
11.
Fazio, R.H., & Dunton, B.C. ( 1997). Categorization by race: The automatic and controlled components of racial prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 451-470.
12.
Gaertner, S.L., & Dovidio, J.F. ( 2000). Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
13.
Gilbert, D.T., & Hixon, J.G. ( 1991). The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 60, 509-517.
14.
Glaser, J., & Knowles, E.D. ( 2008). Implicit motivation to control prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 164-172.
15.
Hamilton, D.L., & Gifford, R.K. ( 1976). Illusory correlation in intergroup perception: A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 392-407.
16.
Henry, P.J., & Sears, D.O. ( 2002). The Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale. Political Psychology, 23, 253-283.
17.
Ito, T.A., & Urland. G.R. ( 2003). Race and gender on the brain: Electrocortical measures of attention to the race and gender of multiply categorizable individuals . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 616-626.
18.
Judd, C.M., Blair, I.V., & Chapleau, K.M. (2004). Automatic stereotypes versus automatic prejudice: Sorting out the possibilities in the Payne (2001) weapon paradigm. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 75-81.
19.
Kawakami, K., Dovidio, J.F., Moll, J., Hermsen, S., & Russin, A. ( 2000). Just say no (to stereotyping): Effects of training in the negation of stereotypic associations on stereotype activation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 871-888.
20.
Lepore, L., & Brown, R. ( 1997). Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable ? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 275-287.
21.
Macrae, C.N., Bodenhausen, G.V., & Milne, A.B. ( 1995). The dissection of selection in person perception: Inhibitory processes in social stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 397-407.
22.
Macrae, C.N., Bodenhausen, G.V., Milne, A.B., & Jetten, J. ( 1994). Out of mind but back in sight: Stereotypes on the rebound . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 808-817.
23.
Macrae, C.N., Bodenhausen, G.V., Milne, A.B., Thorn, T.M.J., & Castelli, L. ( 1997). On the activation of social stereotypes: The moderating role of processing objectives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 471-489.
24.
Macrae. C.N., Milne, A.B., & Bodenhausen, G.V. (1994). Stereotypes as energy-saving devices: A peek inside the cognitive toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 37-47.
25.
Macrae, C.N., Stangor, C., & Milne, A.B. ( 1994). Activating social stereotypes: A functional analysis . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 370-389.
26.
McGuire, W.J., McGuire, C.V., Child, P., & Fujioka, T. ( 1978). Salience of ethnicity in the spontaneous self-concept as a function of one’s ethnic distinctiveness in the social environment . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 511-520.
27.
Moskowitz, G.B., Gollwitzer, P.M., Wasel, W., & Schaal, B. ( 1999). Preconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 167-184.
28.
Olson, M.A., & Fazio, R.H. ( 2003). Relations between implicit measures of prejudice: What are we measuring? Psychological Science, 14, 636-639.
29.
Olson, M.A., & Fazio, R.H. ( 2004). Trait inferences as a function of automatically activated racial attitudes and motivation to control prejudiced reactions. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 26, 1-11.
30.
Payne, B.K. ( 2001). Prejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 181-192.
31.
Payne, B.K. ( 2006). Weapon bias: Split-second decisions and unintended stereotyping . Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 287-291.
32.
Payne, B.K., Lambert, A.J., & Jacoby, L.L. ( 2002). Best laid plans: Effects of goals on accessibility bias and cognitive control in race-based misperceptions of weapons. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 384-396.
33.
Payne, B.K., Shimizu, Y., & Jacoby, L.L. ( 2004). Mental control and visual illusions: Toward explaining race-based weapon misidentifications. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 36-47.
34.
Plant, E.A., & Devine, P.G. ( 1998). Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 811-832.
35.
Plant, E.A., & Peruche, B.M. ( 2005). The consequences of race for police officers’ responses to criminal suspects. Psychological Science, 16, 180-187.
36.
Plant, E.A., Peruche, B.M., & Butz, D.A. ( 2005). Eliminating automatic racial bias: Making race non-diagnotic for responses to criminal suspects. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 141-156.
37.
Sassenberg, K., & Moskowitz, G.B. (2005). Don’t stereotype, think different! Overcoming automatic stereotype activation by mindset priming . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 506-514.
38.
Shih, M., Pittinsky, T.L., & Ambady, N. ( 1999). Stereotype susceptibility: Identity salience and shifts in quantitative performance. Psychological Science, 10, 80-83.
39.
Sinclair, L., & Kunda, Z. ( 1999). Reactions to a Black professional: Motivated inhibition and activation of conflicting stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 885-904.
40.
Stewart, B.D., & Payne, B.K. ( 2008). Bringing automatic stereotyping under control: Implementation intentions as efficient means of thought control. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1332-1345.
41.
Stroessner, S.J., & Plaks, J.E. ( 2001). Illusory correlation and stereotype formation: Tracing the arc of research over a quarter century. In G. B. Moskowitz (Ed.), Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton Symposium on the Legacy and Future of Social Cognition (pp. 247-259). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
42.
Taylor, S.E., Fiske, S.T., Etcoff, N.L., & Ruderman, A.J. (1978). Categorical and contextual bases of person memory and stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 778-793.
