Dispositionally expressive and unexpressive male subjects told truths and lies under low and high scrutiny. Subjects acted expressive, inhibited, and naturally. Judges rated subjects' performances. Subjects were able to regulate their expressiveness deliberately, but they were less successful when more highly scrutinized. Dispositionally expressive subjects appeared more expressive and attractive than unexpressive subjects. Unlike unexpressive subjects, they did not appear any less attractive when trying to act inhibited than when trying to act expressive, nor did they appear any more deceptive when lying than when telling the truth. Unexpressive people, even when trying to act expressive, did not appear as expressive as expressive people when the latter were acting naturally. Similarly, expressive people, even when trying to act inhibited, did not appear as inhibited as the unexpressive people acting naturally. Differences in expressiveness were conveyed most compellingly in channels that included nonverbal cues.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Abrami, P. C. , Leventhal, L., & Perry, R. P. (1982). Educational seduction. Review of Educational Research, 52, 446-464.
2.
Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality. New York: Holt.
3.
Allport, G. W. , & Vernon, P. E. (1933). Studies in expressive movement. New York: Hafner.
4.
Baumeister, R. F. (1984). Choking under pressure: Self-conscious and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 610-620.
5.
Buck, R. (1975). Nonverbal communication of affect in children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 644-653.
6.
Buck, R. (1977). Nonverbal communication accuracy in preschool children: Relationships with personality and skin conductance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 225-236.
7.
Buck, R. (1984). The communication of emotion. New York: Guilford Press.
8.
DePaulo, B. M. (1992). Nonverbal behavior and self-presentation. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 203-243.
9.
DePaulo, B. M. , & Kirkendol, S. E. (1989). The motivational impairment effect in the communication of deception. In J. Yuille (Ed.), Credibility assessment (pp. 51-70). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
10.
DePaulo, B. M. , Stone, J. I., & Lassiter, G. D. (1985). Deceiving and detecting deceit. In B. R. Schlenker (Ed.), The self and social life (pp. 323-370). New York: McGraw-Hill.
11.
DiMatteo, M. R. (1979). Nonverbal skill and the physician-patient relationship. In R. Rosenthal (Ed.), Skill in nonverbal communication (pp. 104-134). Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn, & Hain.
12.
Field, T. , & Walden, T. (1982). Production and perception of facial expressions in infancy and early childhood. Advances in a child Development, 16, 169-211.
13.
Friedman, H. S. , DiMatteo, M. R., & Taranta, A. (1980). A study of the relationship between individual differences in nonverbal expressiveness and factors of personality and social interaction. Journal of Research in Personality, 14, 351-364.
14.
Friedman, H. S. , & Miller-Herringer, T. (1991). Nonverbal display of emotion in public and private: Self-monitoring, personality, and expressive cues. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 766-775.
15.
Friedman, H. S. , Prince, L. M., Riggio, R. E., & DiMatteo, M. R. (1980). Understanding and assessing nonverbal expressiveness: The Affective Communication TestJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 333-351.
16.
Friedman, H. S. , & Riggio, R. E. (1981). Effect of individual differences in nonverbal expressiveness on transmission of emotion. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 6, 96-104.
17.
Friedman, H. S. , Riggio, R. E., & Casella, D. F. (1988). Nonverbal skill, personal charisma, and initial attraction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,14, 203-211.
18.
Friedman, H. S. , Riggio, R. E., & Segall, D. O. (1980). Personality and the enactment of emotion. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior,5, 35-48.
19.
Halberstadt, A. (1991). Family patterns of nonverbal development. In R. S. Feldman & B. Rime (Eds.), Fundamentals of nonverbal behavior (pp. 106-160). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20.
Hall, J. A. (1984). Nonverbal sex differences: Communication accuracy and expressive style. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
21.
Kagan, J. , Reznick, J. S., Snidman, N., Gibbons, J., & Johnson, M. O. (1988). Childhood derivatives of inhibition and lack of inhibition to the unfamiliar. Child Development59, 1580-1589.
22.
Larrance, D. T. , & Zuckerman, M. (1981). Facial attractiveness and vocal likability as determinants of nonverbal sending skills. Journal of Personality, 49, 349-362.
23.
Latane, B. (1981). The psychology of social impact. American Psychologist, 36, 343-356.
24.
Latané B. , & Harkins, S. (1976). Cross-modality matches suggest anticipated stage fright as multiplicative power function of audience size and status. Perception &Psychophysics, 20, 482-488.
25.
Lippa, R. (1983). Expressive behavior. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 181-205.
26.
Manstead, A. (1991). Expressiveness as an individual difference. In R. S. Feldman & B. Rime (Eds.),Fundamentals of nonverbal behavior(pp. 285-328). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
27.
Rejeski, W. J. , & Lowe, C. A. (1980). Nonverbal expression of effort as causally relevant information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6, 436-440.
28.
Riggio, R. E. (1986). Assessment of basic social skills. Journal of Person- aly and Social Psychology, 51, 649-660.
29.
Riggio, R. E. , & Friedman, H. S. (1982). The interrelationships of self-monitoring factors, personality traits, and nonverbal social skills. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 7, 33-45.
30.
Riggio, R. E. , & Friedman, H. S. (1983). Individual differences and cues to deception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 899-915.
31.
Riggio, R. E. , & Friedman, H. S. (1986). Impression formation: The role of expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 421-427.
32.
Riggio, R. E. , Tucker, J., & Throckmorton, B. (1987). Social skills and deception ability. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13, 568-577.
33.
Sabatelli, R. M. , & Rubin, M. (1986). Nonverbal expressiveness and physical attractiveness as mediators of interpersonal perceptions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 10, 120-133.
34.
Scblenker, B. R. , & Leary, M. R. (1982). Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization and model. Psychological Bulletin, 9Z, 641-669.
35.
Sullins, E. S. (1989). Perceptual salience as a function of nonverbal expressiveness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 584-595.
