Rationale and Indications for the Use of α-Keto Analogues

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Close JH : The use of amino acid precursors in nitrogen-accumulation diseases . N Engl J Med 290:663-667, 1974

Walser M. : Urea cycle disorders and other hereditary hyperammonemic syndromes. IN The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 5th ed. Stanbury JB , Wyngaarden JB , Fredrickson DS , Goldstein JL , Brown MS (eds). McGraw-Hill, New York , 1982, pp 402-438

Wahren J. , Felig P. , Hagenfeldt L. : Effect of protein ingestion on splanchnic and leg metabolism in normal man and in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 57:987-999, 1976

Elia M. , Livesey G. : Branched chain amino acid and oxoacid metabolism in human and rat muscle. IN Metabolism and Clinical Implications of Branched Chain Amino and Ketoacids . Walser M , Williamson JR (eds). Elsevier/ North-Holland, New York, 1981, pp 257-262

Abumrad NN , Rabin D. , Wise KL , et al: The disposal of an intravenously administered amino acid load across the human forearm. Metabolism 31:463-470, 1982.

Eriksson LS , Hagenfeldt L. , Wahren J. : Intravenous infusion of α-oxoisocaproate : influence on amino acid and nitrogen metabolism in patients with liver cirrhosis. Clin Sci 62:285-293, 1982

Shinnick FL , Harper AE : Branched-chain amino acid oxidation by isolated rat tissue preparations . Biochim Biophys Acta 437 :477-486, 1976

Chang TW , Goldberg AL : The metabolic fates of amino acids and the formation of glutamine in skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem 253:3685-3695, 1978

Hagenfeldt L. , Eriksson S. , Wahren J. : Influence of leucine on arterial concentrations and regional exchange of amino acids in healthy subjects. Clin Sci 59:173-181, 1980

10.

Abumrad NN , Robinson RP , Gooch BR , et al: The effect of leucine infusion on substrate flux across the human forearm. J Surg Res 32:453-463, 1982

11.

Walser M. , Lund P. , Ruderman NB , et al: Synthesis of essential amino acids from their α-keto-analogues by perfused rat liver and muscle. J Clin Invest 52:2865-2877, 1973

12.

Pozefsky T. , Walser M. : Effect of intraarterial infusion of the ketoanalogue of leucine on amino acid release by forearm muscle. Metabolism 26:807-815, 1977

13.

Mitch WE , Walser M. , Sapir DG : Nitrogen sparing induced by leucine compared with that induced by its keto analogue, α-ketoisocaproate, in fasting obese man. J Clin Invest 67:553-562, 1981

14.

Sapir DG , Stewart PM , Walser M. , et al: Effects of α-ketoisocaproate and of leucine on nitrogen metabolism in post-operative patients. Lancet 1:1010-1014, 1983

15.

Abumrad NN , Wise KL , Williams PE , et al: Disposal of α-ketoisocaproate : roles of liver, gut, and kidneys. Am J Physiol 243:E123-E131, 1982

16.

Richards P. , Ell S. : Direct evidence for synthesis of valine in man. Lancet 1:112-114, 1977

17.

Sapir DG , Walser M. : Nitrogen sparing induced early in starvation by infusion of branched-chain ketoacids. Metabolism 26:301-308, 1977

18.

Maddrey WC , Chura C. , Coulter AW , et al: Effects of keto-analogues of essential amino acids in portal-systemic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 71:190-195, 1976

19.

Walser M. , Sapir DG , Maddrey WC : Use of alpha-keto analogues of essential amino acids. IN Parenteral Nutrition . Fischer J (ed). Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1976, pp 413-430

20.

Deleted in proof.

21.

Schauder P. , Schroder K. , Herbertz L. , et al: Metabolism of exogenous and endogenous valine and α-ketoisocaproic acid in patients with liver cirrhosis and in controls: studies in blood and cerebrospinal fluid . JPEN 6:343, 1982.

22.

Barbeau A. , Bertrand M. , Bouchard R. , et al: Effect of a valine load test on plasma α-keto acids in Friedreich ataxia. Can J Neurol Sci 9:239-242, 1982

23.

Randle PJ , Lau KS , Parker PJ : Regulation of branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex. IN Metabolism and Clinical Implications of Branched Chain Amino and Ketoacids. Walser M , Williamson JR (eds). Elsevier/North-Holland, New York, 1981, pp 13-22.

24.

Lau KS , Fatania HR , Randle PJ : Inactivation of rat liver and kidney branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex by adenosine triphosphatase. FEBS Lett 126:66-70, 1981.

25.

Frick GP , Tai L.-R. , Blinder L. , et al: L-Leucine activates branched chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase in rat adipose tissue. J Biol Chem 256:2618-2620, 1981

26.

Meguid MM , Schwarz H. , Matthews DE , et al: IN Amino Acids: Metabolism and Medical Applications. Blackburn GL , Grant JP , Young VR (eds.) Wright-PSG, Littleton, MA, 1983, pp 147-154

27.

Sherwin RS : Effect of starvation on the turnover and metabolic response to leucine . J Clin Invest 61:1471-1481, 1978

28.

Hambraeus L. , Bilmazes C. , Dippel C. , et al: Regulatory role of dietary leucine on plasma branched-chain amino acid levels in young men . J Nutr 106:230-240, 1976

29.

Eriksson LS , Felig P. , Hagenfeldt L. , et al: Leucine uptake by splanchnic and leg tissues in man: independence of insulin levels. JPEN 6:345, 1982

30.

Buse MG , Reid SS : Leucine: a possible regulator of protein turnover in muscle. J Clin Invest 56:1250-1261, 1975

31.

Fulks RM , Li JB , Goldberg AL : Effects of insulin, glucose, and amino acids on protein turnover in rat diaphragm . J Biol Chem 250:290-298, 1975.

32.

Li JB , Jefferson LS : Influence of amino acid availability on protein turnover in perfused skeletal muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta 544:351-359, 1978

33.

Lundholm K. , Edstrom S. , Ekman L. , et al: Protein degradation in human skeletal muscle tissue: the effect of insulin, leucine, amino acids and ions. Clin Sci 60:319-326, 1981

34.

Buse MG , Atwell R. , Mancusi V. : In vitro effect of branched chain amino acids on the ribosomal cycle in muscles of fasted rats. Horm Metab Res 11:289-292, 1979

35.

Chua B. , Siehl DL , Morgan HE : Effect of leucine and metabolites of branched chain amino acids on protein turnover in heart. J Biol Chem 254:8358-8362, 1979

36.

Tischler ME , Desautels M. , Goldberg AL : Does leucine, leucyltRNA, or some metabolite of leucine regulate protein synthesis and degradation in skeletal and cardiac muscles? J Biol Chem 257:1613-1621, 1982

37.

Tischler ME , Fagan JM : Relationship of the reduction-oxidation state to protein degradation in skeletal and atrial muscle. Arch Biochem Biophys 217:191-201, 1982

38.

Seglen PO : Effects of amino acids, ammonia and leupeptin on protein synthesis and degradation in isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochem J 174:469-474, 1978.

39.

Kirsch RE , Frith LO'C , Saunders SJ : Stimulation of albumin synthesis by keto analogues of amino acids . Biochim Biophys Acta 442:437-441, 1976

40.

Aoki TT , Brennan MF , Fitzpatrick GF , et al.: Leucine meal increases glutamine and total nitrogen release from forearm muscle. J Clin Invest 68:1522-1528, 1981

41.

Elia M. , Farrell R. , Ilic V. , et al: The removal of infused leucine after injury, starvation and other conditions in man. Clin Sci 59 :275-283, 1980

42.

McNurlan MA , Fern EB , Garlick PJ : Failure of leucine to stimulate protein synthesis in vivo. Biochem J 204:831-838, 1982

43.

Walser M. , Sapir DG , Mitch WE , et al: Effects of branched chain ketoacids in normal subjects and patients. IN Metabolism and Clinical Implications of Branched Chain Amino and Ketoacids . Walser M , Williamson JR (eds.) Elsevier/ North-Holland, New York, 1981, 291-300

44.

Krebs HA , Lund P. : Aspects of the regulation of the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids . Adv Enzyme Reg 15:375-394, 1977

45.

Palaiologos G. , Felig P. : Effects of ketone bodies on amino acid metabolism in isolated rat diaphragm. Biochem J 154:709-716, 1976

46.

Morgan HE , Chua BH , Boyd TA , et al: Branched chain amino acids and the regulation of protein turnover in heart and skeletal muscle. IN Metabolism and Clinical Implications of Branched Chain Amino and Ketoacids. Walser M , Williamson JR (eds). Elsevier/ North-Holland, New York, 1981, pp 217-226.

47.

Landaas S. : Inhibition of branched-chain amino acid degradation by ketone bodies . Scand J Clin Lab Invest 37:411-418, 1977

48.

Deleted in proof.

49.

Schauder P. , Matthaei D. , Henning HV , et al: Blood levels of branched-chain amino acids and α-ketoacids in uremic patients given keto analogues of essential amino acids. Am J Clin Nutr 33:1660-1666, 1980

50.

Deleted in proof.

51.

Briggs MH , ed. Urea as a Protein Supplement . Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1967

52.

Mitch WE , Lietman P. , Walser M. : Effects of oral neomycin and kanamycin in chronic uremic patients . I. Urea metabolism. Kidney Int 11:116-122, 1977

53.

Mitch WE , Walser M. : Effects of oral neomycin and kanamycin in chronic uremic patients. II. Nitrogen balance. Kidney Int 11 :123-127, 1977

54.

Heidland A. , Kult J. , Rockel A. , et al: Evaluation of essential amino acids and keto acids in uremic patients on low protein diet . Am J Clin Nutr 31:1784-1792, 1982

55.

Walser M. : Ketoacids in the treatment of uremia. Clin Nephrol 3:180-187, 1975

56.

Deleted in proof.

57.

Burns J. , Cresswell E. , Ell S. , et al: Comparison of the effects of keto acid analogues and essential amino acids on nitrogen homeostasis in uremic patients on moderately protein-restricted diets. Am J Clin Nutr 31:1767-1775, 1978

58.

Hecking E. , Andrzejewski L. , Prellwitz W. , et al: Double-blind crossover study with oral alpha-ketoacids in patients with chronic renal failure. Am J Clin Nutr 33:1678-1681, 1980

59.

Abras E. , Walser M. : Nitrogen utilization in uremic patients fed by continuous nasogastric infusion . Kidney Int 22:392-397, 1982

60.

Deleted in proof.

61.

Ando A. , Orita Y. , Nakata K. , et al: The effect of essential amino acid supplementation therapy on prognosis of patients with chronic renal failure estimated on the basis of the Markov process. Med J Osaka U 32:31-37, 1981

62.

Walser M. : Nutritional support in renal failure: future directions. Lancet 1:340-342, 1983

63.

Deleted in proof.

64.

Barsotti G. , Morelli E. , Guiducci A. , et al: Reversal of hyperparathyroidism in severe uremics following very low-protein and low-phosphorus diet. Nephron 30:310-313, 1982

65.

Fischer JE , Rosen HM , Ebeid AM , et al: The effect of normalization of plasma amino acids on hepatic encephalopathy. Surgery 80:77-91, 1976

66.

Marchesini G. , Zoli M. , Angiolini A. , et al: Muscle protein breakdown in liver cirrhosis and the role of altered carbohydrate metabolism . Hepatology 1:294-299, 1981

67.

Muting D. , Reikowski J. : Improvement of protein tolerance and hyperammonemia in hepatic encephalopathy by oral treatment with ketoanalogues of essential amino acids (ASA). Zschr Gastroenterol 17:587, 1979

68.

Herlong HF , Maddrey WC , Walser M. : The use of ornithine salts of branched-chain ketoacids in portal-systemic encephalopathy. Ann Intern Med 93:545-550, 1980

69.

Walker S. , Gotz R. , Czygan P. , et al: Oral keto analogs of branched-chain amino acids in hyperammonemia in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. A double-blind crossover study. Digestion 24:105-111, 1982

70.

Borghi L. , Novarini A. , Ghinelli F. , et al: Preliminary report on nutritional effects of α-ketoacids in chronic hepatic and renal failure. JPEN 6:328, 1982

71.

Mendell JR , Griggs RC , Moxley R. , et al: A double-blind controlled trial of leucine in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Ann Neurol 12:78, 1982

72.

Stewart PM , Walser M. , Drachman DB : Branched-chain ketoacids reduce muscle protein degradation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 5:197-201, 1982