Despite previous calls to examine trust from the perspectives of both the manager and subordinate, most studies have exclusively focused on trust in the manager. The authors propose that trust in the subordinate has unique consequences beyond trust in the manager. Furthermore, they propose joint effects of trust such that subordinate behavior and intentions are most favorable when there is high mutual trust. Findings reveal unique relationships of trust in manager and trust in subordinate on performance, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and intentions to quit. Furthermore, the interaction of trust in manager and trust in subordinate predicts individual-directed OCB in the hypothesized direction.
Anderson, E., & Weitz, B.1989. Determinants of continuity in conventional industrial channel dyads. Marketing Science, 8: 310-323.
2.
Becker, T.E.1998. Integrity in organizations: Beyond honesty and conscientiousness . Academy of Management Review, 23: 154-161.
3.
Blau, P.M.1964. Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley.
4.
Brower, H.H., Schoorman, F.D., & Tan, H.H.2000. A model of relational leadership: The integration of trust and leader-member exchange. Leadership Quarterly , 11: 227-250.
5.
Butler, J.K.1999. Trust expectations, information sharing, climate of trust, and negotiation effectiveness and efficiency. Group & Organization Management, 24(2): 217-239.
6.
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S.G., & Aiken, L.S.2003. Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
7.
Cole, N.D., & Flint, D.H.2005. Opportunity knocks: Perceptions of fairness in employee benefits. Compensation & Benefits Review, 37: 55-62.
8.
Colquitt, J.A., Scott, B.A., & LePine, J.A.2007. Trust, trustworthiness, and trust propensity: A meta-analytic test of their unique relationships with risk taking and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology , 92: 902-927.
9.
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M.S.2005. Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31: 874-900.
10.
Cummings, L.L.1983. Performance-evaluation systems in context of individual trust and commitment. In F. J. Landy, S. Zedrick, & J. Cleveland (Eds.), Performance measurement and theory: 89-93. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
11.
Deluga, R.J.1994. Supervisor trust building, leader-member exchange, and organizational citizenship behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67: 315-326.
12.
Dirks, K.T., & Ferrin, D.L.2001. The role of trust in organizational settings. Organization Science, 12: 450-467.
13.
Dirks, K.T., & Ferrin, D.L.2002. Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic finding and implications for research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 611-628.
14.
Eden, D.1990. Pygmalion in management. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
15.
Eden, D., & Shani, A.B.1982. Pygmalion goes to boot camp: Expectancy, leadership, and trainee performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67: 194-199.
16.
Einstein, A. (1950, February 12). Today with Mrs. Roosevelt [Television broadcast]. New York: National Broadcasting Company.
17.
Folger, R., & Konovsky, M.A.1989. Effects of procedural and distributive justice on reactions to pay raise decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 32: 115-130.
18.
Gill, H., Boies, K., Finegan, K., & McNally, J.2005. Antecedents of trust establishing a boundary condition for the relation between propensity to trust and intention to trust. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19: 287-302.
19.
Harrison, D.A., Newman, D.A., & Roth, P.L.2006. How important are job attitudes? Meta-analytic comparisons of integrative behavioral outcomes and time sequences. Academy of Management Journal, 49: 305-325.
20.
Hofmann, D.A.1997. An overview of the logic and rationale of hierarchical linear models. Journal of Management, 23: 723-744.
21.
Hofmann, D.A., Morgeson, F.P., & Gerras, S.J.2003. Climate as a moderator of the relationship between leader-member exchange and content specific citizenship: Safety climate as an exemplar. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88: 170-178.
22.
Kierein, N.M., & Gold, M.A.2000. Pygmalion in work organizations: A meta-analysis . Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21: 913-928.
23.
Koberg, C.S., Boss, R.W., Senjen, J.C., & Goodman, E.A.1999. Antecedents and outcomes of empowerment: Empirical evidence from the health care industry. Group & Organization Management , 24: 71-91.
24.
Konovsky, M.A., & Organ, D.W.1996. Dispositional and contextual determinants of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17: 253-266.
25.
Konovsky, M.A., & Pugh, S.D.1994. Citizenship behavior and social exchange. Academy of Management Journal, 37: 656-669.
26.
Korsgaard, M.A., & Sapienza, H.J.2002. Economic and non-economic mechanisms in interpersonal work relationships: Toward an integration of agency and procedural justice theories. In D. Steiner , D. Skarlicki, & S. Gilliland (Eds.), Research in social issues in management (Vol. 2): 3-33. Greenwich, CT: IAP.
27.
Kraimer, M.L., Siebert, S.E., & Liden, R.C.1999. Psychological empowerment as a multidimensional construct: A test of construct validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 59: 127-142.
28.
Kramer, R., & Tyler, T.1996. Trust in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
29.
Lavalle, J.J., Rupp, D.E., & Brockner, J. in press. Taking a multifoci approach to the study of justice, social exchange, and citizenship behavior: The target similarity model. Journal of Management.
30.
Lester, S.W., & Brower, H.H.2003. In the eyes of the beholder: The relationship between subordinates' felt trustworthiness and their work attitudes and behaviors . Journal of Leadership and Organization Studies, 10(2): 17-33.
31.
Lind, E.A., Kray, L., & Thompson, L.1998. The social construction of injustice: Fairness judgments in response to own and others' unfair treatment by authorities. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 75: 1-22.
32.
Livingston, J.1969. Pygmalion in management. Harvard Business Review, 47(4): 81-89.
33.
Malhotra, D., & Murnighan, J.K.2002. The effects of contracts on interpersonal trust. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47: 534-559.
34.
Mayer, R.C., & Davis, J.H.1999. The effect of the performance appraisal system on trust for management: A field quasi-experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84: 123-136.
35.
Mayer, R.C., Davis, J.H., & Schoorman, F.D.1995. An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20: 709-734.
36.
Mayer, R.C., & Gavin, M.B.2005. Trust in management and performance: Who minds the shop while the employees watch the boss? Academy of Management Journal, 48: 874-888.
37.
McNatt, D.B.2000. Ancient Pygmalion joins contemporary management: A meta-analysis of the result. Journal of Applied Psychology , 85: 314-322.
38.
Meyer, J., & Allen, N.1993. Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78: 538-551.
39.
Mishra, A.K., & Mishra, K.E.1994. The role of mutual trust in effective downsizing strategies . Human Resource Management, 33: 261-279.
Pierce, J., & Gardner, D.2004. Self-esteem within the work and organizational context: A review of the organization-based self-esteem literature. Journal of Management, 30: 591-622.
42.
Roberson, Q.2006. Justice in teams: The activation and role of sensemaking in the emergence of justice climate. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 100: 177-192.
43.
Robinson, S.L.1996. Trust and breach of psychological contract. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41: 574-599.
44.
Robinson, S.L., & Rousseau, D.M.1994. Violating the psychological contract: Not the exception but the norm. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15: 245-259.
45.
Rotundo, M., & Sackett, P.R.2002. The relative importance of task, citizenship, and counterproductive performance to global ratings of job performance: A policy-capturing approach . Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 66-80.
46.
Rousseau, D.M., Sitkin, S.B., Burt, R.S., & Camerer, C.1998. Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23: 393-404.
47.
Schoorman, F.D., Mayer, R.C., & Davis, J.H.2007. An integrative model of organizational trust: Past, present, and future. Academy of Management Review, 32: 344-354.
48.
Seibert, S.E., Silver, S.R., & Randolph, W.A.2004. Taking empowerment to the next level: A multiple-level model of empowerment, performance, and satisfaction . Academy of Management Journal, 47: 332-349.
49.
Serva, M.A., Fuller, M.A., & Mayer, R.C.2005. The reciprocal nature of trust: A longitudinal study of interacting teams. Journal of Organizational Behavior , 26: 625-648.
50.
Smith, J.B., & Barclay, D.W.1997. The effects of organizational differences and trust on the effectiveness of selling partner relationships. Journal of Marketing, 61: 3-21.
51.
Spreitzer, G.M.1996. Social structural characteristics of psychological empowerment . Academy of Management Journal, 39: 483-504.
52.
Spreitzer, G.M., & Mishra, A.K.2002. To stay or to go: Voluntary turnover following an organizational downsizing. Journal of Organizational Behavior , 23: 707-729.
53.
Spreitzer, G.M., & Quinn, R.E.2001. A company of leaders: Five disciplines for unleashing the power in your workforce. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
54.
Strickland, L.H.1958. Surveillance and trust. Journal of Personality , 26: 200-215.
55.
Whitener, E.M.1997. The impact of human resource activities on subordinate trust. Human Resource Management Review, 7: 389-405.
56.
Whitener, E.M., Brodt, S.E., Korsgaard, M.A., & Werner, J.M.1998. Managers as initiators of trust: An exchange relationship framework for understanding managerial trustworthy behavior. Academy of Management Review, 23: 513-530.
57.
Williams, L., & Anderson, S.1991. Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and job behaviors. Journal of Management, 17: 601-617.
58.
Zand, D.E.1972. Trust and managerial problem solving. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17: 229-239.
