Researching the Neighborhood and Schooling Experiences of Black Male High School “Students who Play Sports” in Atlanta and Chicago

Acevedo-Garcia D. Osypuk T. L. McArdle N. , & Williams D. R. (2008). Toward a policy relevant analysis of geographic and racial/ethnic disparities in child health. Health Affairs, 27 2, 321—333.

Adeyemo A. O. (2019). Place, race, and sports: Examining the beliefs and aspirations of motivated black male students who play high school sports. Urban Education, 1—30.

Alexander M. (2012). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. The New Press.

Allen Q. (2013). Balancing school and cool: Tactics of resistance and accommodation among Black middle-class males. Race Ethnicity and Education, 16 2, 203—224.

Allen Q. (2017). “They write me off and don't give me a chance to learn anything”: Positioning, discipline, and Black masculinities in school. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 48 3, 269—283.

Alridge D. P. (2003). The dilemmas, challenges, and duality of an African-American educational historian. Educational Researcher, 32 9, 25—34. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X032009025

Alridge D. P. (2008). The educational thought of W. E. B. Du Bois: An intellectual history. Teachers College Press.

American Community Survey (2014). Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/news/data-releases/2014/release.html

Anderson S. (1990). The effect of athletic participation on the academic aspirations and achievement of African-American males in a New York City high school. Journal of Negro Education, 59 3, 507—16.

Beamon K. (2010). Are sports overemphasized in the socialization process of African American males? A qualitative analysis of former collegiate athletes’ perception of sport socialization. Journal of Black Studies, 41 2, 281—300.

Beamon K. (2014). Racism and stereotyping on campus: Experiences of African American male student-athletes. The Journal of Negro Education, 83 2, 121—134.

Bell D. A. 1992. Faces at the bottom of the well: The permanence of racism. Basic Books.

Berkowitz S. (March 11 2015). NCAA nearly toppled $1 billion in revenue in 2014. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/2015/03/11/ncaa-financial-statement-2014-1-billion-revenue/70161386/

Bimper A. Y. Harrison L. Jr. , & Clark L. (2013). Diamonds in the rough: Examining a case of successful Black male athletes in college sport. Journal of Black Psychology, 39 2, 107—130.

Bourdieu P. (1986). The forms of capital. In Richardson J. (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 241—258). Greenwood Press.

Braddock J. H. (1981). Race, athletics, and educational attainment: Dispelling the myths.” Youth & Society 12(3): 335—350.

Brazil N. (2016). The effects of social context on youth outcomes: Studying neighborhoods and schools simultaneously, Teachers College Record, 118(7), 1—30.

Briggs X. (2005). (Ed.). The geography of opportunity: Race and housing choices in metropolitan America. Brookings Institution Press.

Bronfenbrenner U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and by design. Harvard University Press.

Brooks S. N. (2009). Black men can't shoot. University of Chicago Press.

Brooms D. R. (2015). “We didn't let the neighborhood win”: Black male students’ experiences in negotiating and navigating an urban neighborhood. The Journal of Negro Education, 84 3, 269—281.

Brunson R. K. (2007). “Police don't like black people”: African-American young men's accumulated police experiences. Criminology & Public Policy, 6 1, 71—102.

Brunson R. K. , & Miller J. (2006). Young Black men and urban policing in the United States. British Journal of Criminology, 46 4, 613—640.

Bump P. (2015). How the Missouri football team just took down its university president. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/11/09/missouri-football-players-and-the-untapped-political-power-of-the-college-student-athlete/?noredirect=on Accessed August 7, 2019.

Bush L. V. , & Bush E. C. (2013). God bless the child who got his own: Toward a comprehensive theory for African-American boys and men. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 37 1, 1—13.

Butler-Barnes S. T. Lea C. H. Leath S. , & Colin R. (2019). Voluntary interdistrict choice program: Examining Black girls’ experiences at a predominately White school. The Urban Review, 51 2, 149—176.

Byrd C. , & Chavous M. (2009). Racial identity and academic achievement in the neighborhood context: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(4), 544—559.

Capps R. McCabe K. , & Fix M. (2012). New streams: Black African migration to the United States. Migration Policy Institute.

Carey R. L. (2016). “Keep in mind … you're gonna go to college”: Family influence on the college going processes of Black and Latino high school boys. The Urban Review, 48 5, 718—742.

Carter P. L. (2005). Keepin’ it real: School success beyond Black and White. Oxford University Press.

Carter-Francique A. R. Lawrence S. M. , & Eyanson J. C. (2011). African American female athletes’ stories about race: A phenomenological exploration. Journal of Global Intelligence and Policy, 4 4, 1—18.

Chapman C. Laird J. Ifill N. , & KewalRamani A. (2011). Trends in high school dropout and completion rates in the United States: 1972-2009. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics (2012-006). Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch Accessed June 25, 2012.

Chetty R. Hendren N. Jones M. R. , & Porter S. R. (2018). Race and economic opportunity in the united states: an intergenerational perspective. The Equality Project. Retrieved from http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org/assets/documents/race_paper.pdf Accessed March 24, 2018.

City of Chicago (2010). Community maps. Retrieved from https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/doit/supp_info/community_maps.html

Coleman J. (1987). Families and schools. Educational Researcher, 16 6, 32—38.

Cooper J. N. , & Hawkins B. (2012). A place of opportunity: Black male student athletes’ experiences at a Historically Black University. Journal of Intercollegiate Sports, 5 2, 170—188.

Crenshaw K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics, University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1, Article 8.

Davis J. E. (2003). Early schooling and academic achievement of African American males. Urban Education, 38 5, 515—537.

Davis K. (2008). Intersectionality as buzzword: A sociology of science perspective on what makes a feminist theory successful. Feminist theory, 9 1, 67—85.

Dawkins M. P. Braddock J. H. , & Celaya A. (2008). Academic engagement among African American males who hold aspirations for athletic careers in professional sport. Challenge: A Journal of Research on African American Men, 14 2, 51—65.

DeCosta-Klipa N. (2018). Inside the ‘dehumanizing’ cost-cutting efforts by new ownership at the Boston Herald. Retrieved from: https://www.boston.com/news/media/2018/05/15/boston-herald-digital-first-media Accessed on August 7, 2019.

Decuir J. T. , & Dixson A. (2004). “So when it comes out, they aren't that surprised that it is there”: Using Critical Race Theory as a tool of analysis of race and racism in education. Educational Researcher, 33 5, 26—31.

Delgado R. (1990). When a story is just a story: Does voice really matter? Virginia Law Review, 76, 95—111.

Dika S. L. , & Singh K. (2002). Applications of social capital in educational literature: A critical synthesis. Review of Educational Research, 72 1, 31—60.

Dixon J. , & Durrheim K. (2000). Displacing place-identity: A discursive approach to locating self and other. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39 1, 27—44.

Dixson A. D. , & Rousseau C. K. (2005). And we are still not saved: Critical race theory in education ten years later. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 8 1, 7—27.

Donnor J. K. (2005). Towards an interest-convergence in the education of African-American football student-athletes in major college sports. Race, Ethnicity, and Education, 8 1, 45—67.

Douglas T. , & Peck C. (2013). Educational by any means necessary: People of African descent and community-based pedagogical spaces. Educational Studies, 49 1, 67—91.

Douglas T. , & Witherspoon-Arnold N. (2016). Exposure in and out of schools: A Black Bermudan male's successful educational journey. Teachers College Record, 118 6, 1—36.

Dowe P. K. F. (2010). Racial attitudes in America: Post-racial in the Age of Obama fails to exist. Blair Center of Southern Politics and Society. Retrieved from http://blairrockefellerpoll.uark.edu/6107.php

Doyle L. H. (2003). Synthesis through meta-ethnography: Paradoxes, enhancements, and possibilities. Qualitative Research, 3 3, 321—344.

Drake S. , & Cayton H. R. (1945). Black metropolis: A study of Negro life in a northern city. University of Chicago Press.

Du Bois W. E. B. (1903/2011). The Negro church: With an Introduction by Alton B. Pollard III. Wilf and Stock Publishers.

Du Bois W. E. B. (1935). Does the Negro need separate schools? Journal of Negro Education, 4 3, 328—335.

Dubrow J. K. , & Adams J. (2010). Hoop inequalities: Race, class and family structure background and the odds of playing in the National Basketball Association. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 47 1, 43—59.

Edwards H. (2000). Crisis of black athletes on the eve of the 21st century. Society, 37 3, 9—14.

Egendorf L. K. (1999). Sports and athletes: Opposing viewpoints. Greenwood Press.

Eltagouri M. (2017, June 22). Black exodus accelerates in Cook County, census shows. Retrieved from http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-black-population-declines-cook-county-met-20170621-story.html Accessed December 20, 2017.

Ferguson A. A. (2000). Bad boys: Public schools in the making of Black masculinity. University of Michigan Press.

Fetterman D. M. (1989). Ethnography: Step by step, Vol. 17, Applied research methods series. Sage.

Fordham S. (1996). Blacked out: Dilemmas of race, identity, and success at Capital High. University of Chicago Press.

Foster K. M. (2003). Panopticonics: The control and surveillance of black female athletes in a collegiate athletic program. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 34 3, 300—323.

Francois S. Overstreet S. , & Cunningham M. (2011). Where we live: The unexpected influence of urban neighborhoods on the academic performance of African American adolescents. Youth & Society, 44 2, 307—328.

Frazier J. W. Margai F. M. , & Tettey-Fio E. 2003. Race and place: Equity issues in urban America. Westview.

Frey W. (2014). Diversity explosion: How new racial demographics are remaking America. The Brookings Institution.

Garibaldi A. M. (2007). The education status of African American males in the 21st century. The Journal of Negro Education, 76 3, 324—333.

Garner C. L. , & Raudenbush S. W. (1991). Neighborhood effects on educational attainment: A multilevel analysis. Sociology of Education, 64, 251—262.

Glaser B. , & Strauss A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine Transaction.

Gordon C. (2008). Mapping decline: St. Louis and the fate of the American dream. University of Pennsylvania Press.

Graham S. Taylor A. Z. , & Hudley C. (1998). Exploring achievement values among ethnic minority early adolescents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90 4, 606—620.

Griffin K. A. , & Reddick R. J. (2011). Surveillance and sacrifice: Gender differences in the mentoring patterns of Black professors at predominantly White research universities. American Educational Research Journal, 48 5, 1032—1057.

Harper S. R. (2016). Black male student-athletes and racial inequities in NCAA Division I college sports: 2016 edition. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, Center for the Study of Race & Equity in Education.

Harris O. (1997). The role of sport in the Black community. Sociological Focus, 30 1, 311—319.

Harrison L. Harrison C. K. , & Moore L N. (2002). African American identity and sport. Sports, Education and Society, 7 2, 121—133.

Hawkins B. (2010). The new plantation: Black athletes, college sports, and predominantly white NCAA institutions. Palgrave MacMillan.

Hawkins B. J. Carter-Francique A. R. , & Cooper J. N. (2017. (Eds.) Critical Race Theory: Black athletic sporting experiences in the United States. Palgrave Macmillan.

Heartland Alliance (2017). Report: Illinois poor most often victims of violent crime. Retrieved from https://www.heartlandalliance.org/news_clip/report-illinois-poor-often-victims-violent-crimes/

Hedges L. V. Laine R. D. , & Greenwald R. (1994). Does money matter? A meta-analysis of the effects of differential school Inputs on student outcomes. Education Researcher, 2 3, 5—14.

Hodge S. R. Burden J. W. Robinson L. E. , & Bennett R. A. III (2008). Theorizing on the stereotyping of Black male student athletes: Issues and Implications. Journal for the Study of Athletes in Education, 2 2, 203—226.

Holzer H. J. , & Offner P. (2006). Trends in employment outcome in young Black men, 1979-2000. In Mincy R. B. (Ed.), Black Males Left Behind (pp. 11—38). Urban Institute Press.

Howard T. C. (2008). Who really cares? The disenfranchisement of African American males in pre-K–12 schools: A critical race theory perspective. Teachers College Record, 110 5, 954—985.

Howard T. C. (2014). Black male (d): Peril and promise in the education of African American males. Teachers College Press.

Howard T. C. , & Reynolds R. (2013). Examining Black male identity through a raced, classed, and gendered lens: Critical race theory and the intersectionality of the Black male experience. In Handbook of critical race theory in education (pp. 252—267). Routledge.

Hunt M. O. , & Wilson D. C. (2009). Race/ethnicity, perceived discrimination, and beliefs about the meaning of an Obama presidency. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 6 1, 173—191.

Irvine J. J. (1989). Beyond role models: An examination of cultural influences on the pedagogical perspectives of black teachers. Peabody Journal of Education, 66 4, 51—63.

Jackson S. (2012, February 11). Chicago second to none in hoops talent. ESPN. Retrieved from http://www.espn.com/chicago/nba/story/_/id/7563767/chicago-basketball-capital-worldAccessedDecember19,2017.

Johnson D. Q. (1985). Educating misguided student athletes: An application of contract theory. Columbia Law Review, 85, 1—38.

Johnson O. Jr. (2012). Toward a theory of place: social mobility, proximity and proximal capital. In Tate W. F. (Ed), Research on Schools, Neighborhoods and Communities: Toward Civic Responsibility (29—46). Presidential Volume. MD: Rowman & Littlefield and the American Educational Research Association.

Johnson T. S. Migliaccio T. A. (2009). The social construction of an athlete: African American boy's experience in sport. The Western, Journal of Black Studies, 33 2, 98—109.

Johnson V. C. (2002). Black power in the suburbs: The myth or reality of African American suburban political incorporation. State University of New York Press.

Johnson W. (1999). Soul by soul: Life inside the antebellum slave market. Harvard University Press.

Kahlenberg R. D. (2001). Education dilemmas, old and new: Learning from James Coleman. The Public Interest, 144, 54—72.

Kent M. M. (2007). Immigration and America's black population. Population Bulletin, 62 4, 1—15. Retrieved from http://www.prb.org/pdf07/62.4immigration.

Knifsend C. A. , & Graham S. (2012). Unique challenges facing female athletes in urban high schools. Sex Roles, 67 3–4, 236—246.

Lacy K. R. (2007). Blue-chip Black: Race, class, and status in the new Black middle class. University of California Press.

Ladson-Billings G. , & Tate W. (1995). Toward a critical race theory of education. Teachers College Record, 97 1, 47—68.

Lareau A. (2003). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. University of California Press.

Lavingne P. (2012, February 1). Top football talent shifts to the south. Retrieved from http://espn.go.com/espn/otl/story/_/id/7512012/top-college-football-talent-comes-south-shift-more-even-distribution-decades-ago

Lee C. Spencer M. B. , & Harpalani V. (2003). Every shut eye ain't sleep: Studying how people live culturally. Educational Researcher, 32 5, 6—13.

Lemann N. (1992). The promised land: The great Black migration and how it changed America. Vintage Books.

Lincoln C. E. , & Mamiya L. H. (1990). The Black church in the African American experience. Duke University Press.

Lipman P. , & Hursh D. (2007). Renaissance 2010: The reassertion of ruling-class power through neoliberal policies in Chicago. Policy Futures in Education, 5 2, 160—178.

Lomax M. E. (2000). Athletics vs. education: Dilemmas of Black youth. Society, 37 3, 21—23.

Love B. L. , & Tosolt B. B. (2010). Reality or rhetoric? Barack Obama and post-racial America. Race, Gender & Class, 12, 27—34.

Lucas S. (1999). Tracking inequality: Stratification and mobility in American high schools. Teachers College Press.

Mahiri J. (1994). African American males and learning: What discourse in sports offers schooling. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 25 3, 354—375.

Maisel I. (2018, January 3). How Atlanta became the capital of college football. Retrieved from http://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/21945677/college-football-playoff-national-championship-home-atlanta

Martin B. E. , & Harris F. (2006). Examining productive conceptions of masculinities: Lessons learned from academically driven African American male student-athletes. The Journal of Men's Studies, 14 3, 359—378.

May R. A. (2008). Living through the hoop: High school basketball, race, and the American dream. New York University Press.

May R. A. B. (2009). The good and bad of it all: Professional Black male basketball players as role models for young Black male basketball players. Sociology of Sport Journal, 26 3, 443—461.

Meier K. , & Stewart J. , & England R. E. (1989). Race, class, and education: The politics of second-generation discrimination. University of Wisconsin Press.

Melendez M. C. (2008). Black football players on a predominantly White college campus: Psychosocial and emotional realities of the Black college athlete experience. Journal of Black Psychology, 34 4, 423—451.

Miles M. B. , & Huberman A. M. (1984). Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of new methods. Sage.

Miller A. , & Jacobo J. (2017, September 26). Taking a knee wasn't the first time athletes protested social injustice on the field. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/US/taking-knee-time-athletes-protested-social-injustice-field/story?id=50081504.

Miller K. (2014, November 25). Ranking the top 20 cities that produce the best college basketball talent. Retrieved from. http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2277263-ranking-the-top-20-cities-that-produce-the-best-college-basketball-talent

Monroe C. R. (2006). African American boys and the discipline gap: Balancing educators’ uneven hand. Educational Horizons, 84 2, 102—111.

Morris J. E. (2003). What does Africa have to do with being African American? A microethnographic analysis of a middle school inquiry unit on Africa. Anthropology & education quarterly, 34 3, 255—276.

Morris J. E. (2004). Can anything good come from Nazareth? Race, class, and African American schooling and community in the urban South and Midwest. American Educational Research Journal, 41 1, 69—112.

Morris J. E. (2009). Troubling the waters: Fulfilling the promise of quality public schooling for Black children. Teachers College Press.

Morris J. E. , & Adeyemo A. O. (2012). Touchdowns and honor societies: Expanding the focus of Black male excellence. Phi Delta Kappan, 93 5, 28—32.

Morris J. E. , & Monroe C. R. (2009). Why study the US South? The nexus of race and place in investigating Black student achievement. Educational Researcher, 38 1, 21—36.

Morris J. E. , & Woodruff S. E. (2015). Adolescents’ perceptions of opportunities in the U.S. South: Postracial mirage or reality in the new Black mecca? Peabody Journal of Education, 90 3, 404—425.

Naddra R. (2011). Academics vs. athletics: Teens get mixed messages. The Champion Newspaper.

Nadkarni R. , & Nieves A. (2015). Why Missouri's football team joined a protest against school administration. Retrieved from: https://www.si.com/college-football/2015/11/09/missouri-football-protest-racism-tim-wolfe Accessed August 7, 2019.

Nasir N. S. , & Cooks J. (2009). Becoming hurdler: how learning settings afford identities. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 40 1, 41—61.

NCAA Research staff. (2013, October 16). Trends in graduation-success rates and federal graduation rates at NCAA division I institutions. Retrieved from https://www.ncaa.org/sites/default/files/GSR%2Band%2BFed%2BTrends%2B2013_Final_0.pdf Accessed January 5, 2018.

Noblit G. W. , & Hare R. D. (1988). Meta-ethnography: Synthesizing qualitative studies. Sage.

Noguera P. A. (2003). The trouble with Black boys: The role and influence of environmental and cultural factors on the academic performance of African American males. Urban Education, 38 4, 431—459.

Norwood K. J. (2008). Adult complicity in the dis-education of the Black male high school athlete & societal failures to remedy his plight. 34 T. Marshall Law Review, 21. Washington University in St. Louis Legal Studies Research Paper No. 12-12-2.

Oakes J. (1985). Keeping track: How schools structure inequality. Yale University Press.

Ogbu J. U. (2003). Black American students in an affluent suburb: A study of academic disengagement. Lawrence Erlbaum.

Ogden D. C. , & Hilt M. (2003). Collective identity and basketball: An explanation for the decreasing number of African-Americans on America's baseball diamonds. Journal of Leisure Research, 35 2, 213—227.

Outlaw K. R. , & Toriello P. J. (2014). The impact of coaches’ behavior on African American female athletes’ playing satisfaction: A cursory review of the literature. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 24 5, 612—620.

Overstreet S. , & Braun S. (2000). Exposure to community violence and post-traumatic stress symptoms: Mediating factors. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70 2, 263—271.

Parker L. , & Lynn M. (2002). What's race got to do with it? Critical Race Theory's conflict with and connections to qualitative research methodology and epistemology. Qualitative Inquiry, 8 1, 7—22.

Parmer T. (1993). The athletic dream—But what are the career dreams of other African American urban high school students?. Journal of Career Development, 20 2, 131—145.

Pattillo-McCoy M. (1999). Black picket fences: Privilege and peril among the Black middle class. University of Chicago Press.

Peele-Eady T. (2011). Constructing membership identity through language and social interaction: The case of African American children at Faith Missionary Baptist Church. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 42 1, 54—75.

Pew Research Center (2010, January 12). A year after Obama's election: Blacks upbeat about Black progress, prospects. Retrieved from http://pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/blacks-upbeat-about-black-progress-prospects.pdf

Phinney J. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: A review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 108 3, 499—514.

Powell C. L. , & Arriola K. R. J. (2003). Relation between psychosocial factors and academic achievement among African American students. The Journal of Educational Research, 96 3, 175—181.

Ramos M. (2018, June 20). Cook County's black population continues to decline. Retrieved from https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/cook-county-black-population-continues-to-decline-census-data/

Rothstein R. (2004). Class and schools: Using social, economic, and educational reform to close the Black-White achievement gap. New York: Economic Policy Institute and Teachers College.

Scheurich J. , & Young M. (1997). Coloring epistemologies: Are our research epistemology racially biased? Educational Researcher, 26 4, 4—16.

Sellers R. M. Smith M. A. Shelton J. N. Rowley S. A. J. , & Chavous T. M. (1998). Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2 1, 18—39.

Shedd C. (2015). Unequal city: Race, schools, and perceptions of injustice. Russell Sage Foundation.

Shifrer S. Pearson J. Muller C. , & Wilkinson L. (2015). College-going benefits of high school sports participation: Race and gender differences over three decades. Youth & Society, 47 3, 295—318.

Siddle-Walker E. V. (1996). Their highest potential: An African American school community in the segregated South. University of North Carolina Press.

Siddle-Walker E. V. (2000). Valued segregated schools for African American children in the South, 1935–1969: A review of common themes and characteristics. Review of Educational Research, 70 3, 253—286.

Singer J. , & May R. A. (2011). The career trajectory of a Black male high school basketball player: A social reproduction perspective. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 46 3, 299—314.

Smith J. R. , & Patton D. U. (2016). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in context: Examining trauma responses to violent exposures and homicide death among Black males in urban neighborhoods. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 6 2, 212—223.

Smith R. M. , & King D. S. (2009). Barack Obama and the future of American racial politics. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 6, 25—35.

Spencer M. B. Tinsley B. Dupree D. , & Fegley S. (2012). Maximizing culturally and contextually sensitive assessment strategies in developmental and educational research. In Tate W. F. (Ed.), Research on Schools, Neighborhoods, and Communities: Toward Civic Responsibility. AERA.

Steele S. (2008, November 5). Obama's post-racial promise. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-oe-steele5-2008nov05-story.html#page=1

Strauss A. , & Corbin J. (1994). “Grounded theory methodology.” In Denzin N. K. , & Lincoln Y. S. (Eds.) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp. 217—285). SAGE.

Swanson D. P. Cunningham M. , and Spencer M. B. (2003). Black males’ structural conditions, achievement patterns, normative needs, and “opportunities.” Urban Education, 38(5), 608—633.

Tamman M. , & Suggs E. (2001, July 8). Atlanta is top magnet for Blacks: 460,000 moved to area in ‘90s. Atlanta Journal and Constitution, News Section, p. A1.

Tate W. F. (1997). Critical race theory and education: History, theory, and implications. Review of Research in Education, 22, 195—247.

Tate W. F. (2008). “Geography of opportunity”: Poverty, place, and educational outcomes. Educational Researcher, 37 7, 397—411.

Tate W. F. , & Hogrebe M. (2011). From visuals to vision: Using GIS to inform civic dialogue about African American males. Race Ethnicity and Education, 14 1, 51—71.

Tucker C. (2010, September 17). A new task for civil rights activists: Educate black boys. Atlanta Journal Constitution. Retrieved from http://blogs.ajc.com/cynthia-tucker/2010/09/17/a-new-task-for-civil-rights-activists-educate-black-boys/

Tyson K. Darity W. Jr. , & Castellino D. (2005). It's not a Black thing: Understanding the burden of acting White, and other dilemmas of high achievement. American Sociological Review, 70 4, 582—605.

U.S. Census Bureau (2010). Washington, DC: Author.

U.S. Census Bureau (2013). Washington, DC: Author.

Waters M. (1999). Black identities: West Indian immigrant dreams and American realities. Harvard University Press.

Weglinsky H. (1997). How money matters: The effects of school district spending on academic achievement. Sociology of Education, 70, 221—256.

Weitzer R. (2002). Incidents of police misconduct and public opinion. Journal of Criminal Justice, 30, 397—408.

Welburn J. S. , & Pittman C. L. (2012). Stop “blaming the man”: Perceptions of inequality and opportunities for success in the Obama era among middle-class African Americans. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35 3, 523—540.

Wickham D. (2010, November 17). Educate Black men now, or we'll all pay later. U.S.A. Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/2010-11-16-column16_ST1_N.htm

Wilkerson I. (2011). The warmth of other suns: The epic story of America's great migration. Vintage Books.

Wilkes R. , & Iceland J. (2004). Hypersegregation in the twenty-first century. Demography, 41 1, 23—26.

Wilson W. J. (1996). When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor. Vintage Books.

Wise T. (2010). Colorblind: The rise of post-racial politics and the retreat from racial equity. City Lights Publishers.

Wong C. A. Eccles J. S. , & Sameroff A. (2003). The influence of ethnic discrimination and ethnic identification on African American adolescents’ school and socioemotional adjustment. Journal of Personality, 71, 1197—1232.

Yee D. H. (2016, January 8). College sports exploits unpaid Black athletes. But they could force a change. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/01/08/college-sports-exploits-unpaid-black-athletes-but-they-could-force-a-change/?utm_term=.90a8292d7cc2.

Yin R. K. (1984). Case study research, design and methods. SAGE.

Yosso T. J. (2005). Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth. Race ethnicity and education, 8 1, 69—91.

Young A. A. (2004). The minds of marginalized Black men: Making sense of mobility, opportunity, and future life chances. Princeton University Press.