Experimental results are presented demonstrating the application of pulse echo ultrasound to imaging the skin. A laboratory prototype B-mode mechanical scanner was employed to obtain images of human skin, both in vitro and in vivo, using broadband pulsed ultrasound at 25 MHz. Images were formed by processing digitized A-mode waveforms and displaying the resulting two-dimensional cross sections using a digital imaging system. Images obtained by rectifying the A-modes are compared to those derived using a software-based cross-correlation technique. Scans of test targets demonstrate that an axial resolution of 100 m can be achieved at 25 MHz when the digital correlation method is employed. Lateral resolution is limited by the 0.25 mm half-power focal beamwidth of the transducer.
Seventeen in vitro ultrasonic scans of human skin were compared to frozen section histology. Average skin depth was well correlated between the two techniques (= 0.99, p < 0.001). Application of cross-correlated processing to 25 MHz in vivo images produced good delineation of epidermis, papillary, and reticular dermis. Conversion to a 50 MHz transducer did not delineate skin layers as well as the 25 MHz transducer due to inherent difficulties with transducer reverberations.
