In his Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740), David Hume asked how people succeed in constructing edifices of belief from their limited store of sensory impressions and derived ideas. Hume could adduce no evidence to support the existence of an inner self that intelligently manipulates impressions and ideas. At the same time, he recognized in himself the conviction that there is inner self. Today, there is a growing conviction among cognitive neuro-scientists, behavioral scientists, science journalists, and their publics that neuroscience is on the verge of providing us with the ultimate (reductionist) solution to ‘‘Hume’s problem.’’ This article describes two approaches to this solution.
Barton, R.A., and R.I.M. Dunbar.1997. Evolution of the social brain. In Machiavellian Intelligence II, A. Whiten and R. W. Byrne (eds.), 240-263. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
2.
Bassler, B.L., and R. Losick.2006. Bacterially speaking. Cell125:237-46.
3.
Ben Jacob, E., I. Becker, Y. Shapira, and H. Levine.2004. Bacterial linguistic communication and social intelligence. Trends in Microbiology12:366-72.
4.
Bjarnsholt, T., and M. Givskov.2007. Quorum-sensing blockade as a strategy for enhancing host defences against bacterial pathogens. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B362:1213-22.
5.
Boden, M.A.2006. Mind as Machine: A History of Cognitive Science, Volume 2. Clarendon Press: Oxford.
6.
Brass, M., R.M. Schmitt, M.S. Spengler, and G. Gergely.2007. Investigating action understanding: Inferential processes versus action simulation. Current Biology17:2117-2121.
7.
Byrne, R. W., and A. Whiten, eds. 1988. Machiavellian intelligence . Oxford: Oxford University Press .
8.
Csibra, G., and G. Gergely.2007. ‘‘Obsessed with goals’’: Functions and mechanisms of teleological interpretation of actions in humans . Acta Psychologica124:60-78.
Dennett, D.2001. Are we explaining consciousness yet? Cognition79:221-37.
11.
de Quervain, D.J.-F., U. Fischbacher, V. Treyer, M. Schellhammer, U. Schnyder, A. Buck, and E. Fehr.2004. The neural basis of altruistic punishment . Science305:1254-8.
12.
de Vignemont, F., and T. Singer.2006. The empathic brain: How, when and why?Trends in Cognitive Sciences10:435-41.
13.
Dinstein, I.2008. Human cortex: Reflections of mirror neurons. Current Biology18: R956-R959.
14.
Dinstein, I., U. Hasson, N. Rubin, and D. Heege.2007. Brain areas selective for both observed and executed movements. Journal of Neurophysiology98:1415-1427.
15.
Dinstein, I., C. Thomas, M. Behrmann, and D.J.Heeger.2008. A mirror up to Nature. Current Biology18:R13 -R18.
16.
Dunbar, R.I.M.2003. The social brain: Mind, language, and society in evolutionary perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology32:163-81.
17.
Fadiga, L., L.G. Pavesi, and G. Rizzolatti.1996. Motor facilitation during observation: a magnetic simulation study. Journal of Neurophysiology73:2608-2611.
18.
Fogassi, L., P.F. Ferrari, B. Gesierich, S. Rozzi, F. Chersi, and G. Rizzolatti.2005. Parietal lobe: From action organization to intention understanding. Science308:662-667.
19.
Fogassi, L., V. Gallese, and G. Rizzolatti.2002. Hearing sounds, understanding actions: action representation in mirror neurons. Science297:846-848.
20.
Gallese, V.2001. The ‘‘shared manifold’’ hypothesis: From mirror neurons to empathy. Journal of Consciousness Studies8:33-50.
21.
Gallese, V.2003. A neuroscientific grasp of concepts: From control to representation . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B358:1231-40.
22.
Gallese, V., and A. Goldman.1998. Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind reading. Trends in Cognitive Science2:493-501.
23.
Gardner, A., and R. Kümmerli .2008. Social evolution: This microbe will selfdistruct. Current Biology18:R1021-R1023.
24.
Grush, R.2004. The emulation theory of representation: motor control, imagery, and perception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences27:377-398, 425-442.
25.
Iacoboni, M., I. Molnar-Szakacs, V. Gallese, G. Buccino, J.C. Mazziotta, and G. Rizzolatti.2005. Grasping the intentions of others with one’s own mirror neuron system. PLoS [Public Library of Science] Biology3:e79.
26.
Jacob, P., 2008. What do mirror neurons contribute to human social cognition ? Mind and Language23:190-223.
27.
Jacob, P., and M. Jeannerod.2005. The motor theory of social cognition: a critique. Trends in Cognitive Sciences9:21-25.
28.
Keysers, C., and G. Gazzola.2010. Social neuroscience: Mirror neurons recorded in humans. Current Biology20:R353-54.
29.
King, David.1997. The commissar vanishes: The falsification of photographs and art in Stalin’s Russia. New York: Metropolitan Books.
30.
Kohler, E., C. Keysers, M.A. Umlitá, L. Fogassi, V. Gallese, and G. Rizzolatti.2002. Hearing sounds, understanding actions: Action representation in mirror neurons. Science297:846-848.
31.
Kosslyn, S.M.2005. Mental images and the brain. Cognitive Neuropsychology22:333-347.
32.
Mitchell, A., G.H. Romano, B. Groisman, A. Yona, E. Kekel, M. Kupiec, O. Dahan, and Y. Pilpel.2009. Adaptive prediction of environmental changes by microorganisms. Nature460:220-24.
33.
Mukamel, R., A.D. Ekstrom, J. Kaplan, M. Iacoboni, and I. Fried.2010. Singleneruon responses in humans during execution and observation of actions. Current Biology20:750-56.
34.
Nakagaki, T.2001. Smart behavior of true slime mold in a labyrinth. Research in Microbiology152:767-70.
35.
Nakagaki, T., H. Yamada, and A. Toth.2000. Maze-solving by an amoeboid organism . Nature407:470.
36.
Nakagaki, T., H. Yamada, and A. Toth.2001. Path finding by tube morphogenesis in an amoeboid organism. Biophysical Chemistry92:47-52.
37.
Owen, D.2009. Hume and the mechanics of mind: Impressions, ideas, and association. In The Cambridge companion to David Hume, 2nd. ed., D. F. Norton and J. Taylor, 70-104. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
38.
Pickering, A.2010. The cybernetic brain: Sketches of another future. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
39.
Queller, D.C., E. Ponte, S. Bozzaro, and J.E. Strassmann .2003. Single-gene greenbeard effects in the social amoeba. Dictyostelium discoideum Science299:105-6.
40.
Pickering, A.2008. The cybernetic brain: Sketches of another future. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
41.
Popat, R., S.A. Crusz, and S.P. Diggle.2008. The social behaviours of bacterial pathogens . British Medical Bulletin87:63-75.
42.
Reynolds, A.2007. The theory of the cell state and the question of cell autonomy in nineteenth and early twentieth-century biology. Science in Context20:71-95.
43.
Rizzolatti, G., and M.A. Arbib.1998. Language within our grasp. Trends in Neuroscience21:188-94.
44.
Rizzolatti, G., and L. Craighero.2004. The mirror-neuron system. Annual Review of Neuroscience27:169-92.
45.
Saigusa, T., A. Tero, T. Nakagaki, and Yoshiki, Kuramoto.2008. Amoeba anticipate periodic events. Physical Review Letters100:018101-1-018101-4.
46.
Sandoz, K.M., S.M. Mitzimberg, and M. Schuster.2007. Social cheating in Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences140:15876-81.
47.
Schertzer, J.W., M.L. Boulette, and M. Whiteley.2009. More than a signal: Non-signaling properties of quorum sensing molecules. Trends in Microbiology17:189-95.
48.
Schwartz, D.L.1999. Physical imagery: Kinematic versus dynamic models. Cognitive Psychology38:433-464.
49.
Singer, T.2006. The neuronal basis and ontogeny of empathy and mind reading: Review of literature and implications for future research. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews30:855-63.
50.
Singer, T., B. Seymour, J.P. O’Dougherty, K.E. Stephan, D.J. Dolan, and C.D. Frith.2006. Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others. Nature439:466-9.
51.
Strawson, G.2008. Real materialism and other essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
52.
Takahashi, H., M. Kato, M. Matsuura, D. Mobbs, T. Suhara, and Y. Okubo.2009. When your gain is my pain and your pain is my gain: Neural correlates of envy and schadenfreude. Science323:937-39.
53.
Tattamanti, M., G. Buccino, M.C. Succaman, V. Gallese, M. Danna, P. Scifo, F. Fazio, G. Rizzolatti, S.E. Cappa, and D. Perani.2005. Listening to action-related sentences activates fronto-parietal motor circuits. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience17:273-2781.
54.
Tsuda, S., K.-P. Zauner, and Y.P. Gunji.2007. Robot control with biological cells . BioSystems87:215-23.
55.
Turella, L., A.C. Pierno, F. Tubaldi, and U. Castiello.2009. Mirror neurons in humans: Conisisting or confounding evidence?Brain and Language108:10-21.
56.
West, S.A., S.P. Diggle, A. Buckling, A. Gardner, and A.S. Griffin.2007. The social life of microbes. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics38:53-77.
57.
West, S.A., A.S. Griffin, A. Gardner, and S.P. Diggle.2006. Social evolution theory for microorganisms . Nature Reviews Microbiology4:597-607.
58.
Williams, P., K. Winzer, W.C. Chan, and M. Cámara .2007. Look who’s talking: Communication and quorum sensing in the bacterial world. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B362:1119-34.
