Digital Libraries in China: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends and Future Directions

Abstract

This study presents a bibliometric analysis of digital library research related to China from 2008 to 2023 which includes 576 publications, utilizing data from the Web of Science Core Collection. Through examination of the trends in research output, citation patterns, thematic evolution, and collaboration networks, the findings reveal significant growth in publication volume and citation impact over the studied period, with Chinese institutions, particularly Wuhan University, emerging as leading contributors to the field. The research landscape has expanded from foundational concepts of digital libraries and information retrieval to emerging areas such as advanced technologies and data-driven approaches. Co-occurrence and co-citation network analyses not only highlight the interconnected nature of research themes and the influential works shaping the field but also identify strong domestic collaboration within China and varying degrees of international partnerships, suggesting opportunities for increased global engagement. Key journals in the field are identified, with “Electronic Library” standing out as the most influential publication venue. Although limited by the inherent constraints, the research contributes to the understanding of the evolving landscape of digital library research in China and its position within the global research community.

Keywords

digital libraries China bibliometric analysis research trends international collaboration

Introduction

The advent of digital libraries has profoundly revolutionized the landscape of information access and dissemination, especially in rapidly developing nations such as China. As the world’s most populous country, China has made great achievements in scientific research, and in the past two decades, it has made significant strides in implementing and advancing digital library systems (Li & Jiang, 2019). These developments not only facilitate access to academic resources but also play a crucial role in preserving and promoting China’s rich cultural heritage, reflecting China’s broader technological advancements and its commitment to fostering a knowledge-based economy (Li et al., 2020). However, although this field is of great significance, there has been a lack of comprehensive bibliometric analyses that chart the trajectory of digital library research in China.

With the rapid proliferation of digital libraries in China, related research activities are also growing vigorously, encompassing a wide array of topics, ranging from technical aspects of digital library implementation to user behavior studies and policy analyses. The multifaceted nature of this research reflects the complex challenges and opportunities associated with digital library development in the Chinese context (Zhou et al., 2018). What’s more, the intersection of digital libraries with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and cloud computing has further opened up new avenues for innovation and research. Understanding the trends and patterns is crucial for identifying gaps, recognizing successes, and guiding the future directions in this research field.

This study aims to focus on digital library research in China from 2008 to 2023 by conducting a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to fill a critical gap in the literature. This timeframe captures a period of significant growth and transformation in China’s digital library landscape. By analyzing publication trends, citation patterns, authorship networks and thematic evolution, this study tries to present a comprehensive understanding of digital library research in China. The findings will not only contribute to the scholarly discourse on digital libraries but also offer practical insights for librarians, information professionals, and policymakers involved in shaping the future of digital libraries in China and beyond.

Research Questions

The following research questions could be explored in the bibliometric analysis of digital library research in China:

(1) What are the overall publication trends and growth patterns in digital library research in China from 2008 to 2023?

(2) Who are the most influential authors, institutions, and journals contributing to digital library research in China, and how has their impact evolved?

(3) What are the primary research themes and how have they shifted in Chinese digital library literature during the study period?

(4) To what extent does international collaboration feature in China’s digital library research, and how has this collaboration impacted the field?

(5) How does China’s digital library research align with or diverge from global trends in the field, and what unique characteristics does it exhibit?

These research questions are designed to guide your bibliometric analysis, covering key aspects such as publication trends, influential contributors, thematic evolution, collaboration patterns, and China’s position in the global research landscape.

Methodology

Data Source and Collection

This study selects the Web of Science Core Collection as its primary data source, which is highly respected because it covers a wide range of high-quality peer-reviewed publications across various disciplines. The Core Collection includes the Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts & Humanities Citation Index, which provide a robust foundation for bibliometric analysis and ensure the inclusion of influential and impactful research in the field of digital libraries. The timeframe is from 2008 to 2023, which captures a significant period of development and innovation in China’s digital library research. The 15-year window allows for the identification of long-term trends and the evolution of research themes within the field.

Data Cleaning and Normalization

To ensure a comprehensive yet focused dataset, a carefully constructed search string was developed and applied to the Web of Science Core Collection. The search strategy was designed to capture various terminologies related to digital libraries while specifically targeting research contributions from China. The following search string was employed: (“digital librar*” OR “electronic librar*” OR “virtual librar*”) AND (China OR “People’s Republic of China” OR PRC). The query structure uses wildcards to include singular and plural forms of library-related terms, ensures geographical relevance by specifying China as the country of origin, restricts the publication period to the desired timeframe, and filters out English-language publications to maintain the consistency of analysis. After the search was carried out in June 2024, 1947 literature records were initially obtained. Subsequently, carried out a meticulous data cleaning, removed duplicates, standardized author names and institutional affiliations, verified the details of publications, and finally resulted in a refined dataset of 576 unique publications.

Data Analysis Workflow and Tools

VOSviewer and Bibliometrix are adopted to facilitate comprehensive analysis and visualizations of the dataset. VOSviewer is good at constructing and visualizing bibliometric networks, which is employed for creating co-authorship, co-citation, and co-occurrence networks that aid in identifying key research clusters, collaborative patterns, and thematic relationships within the field of digital library research in China. Bibliometrix supplements VOSviewer with its robust statistical analysis capabilities and versatile bibliometric techniques, which not only facilitate the computation of various bibliometric indicators but also enable the generation of thematic maps and trend topics, providing insights into the evolution of research themes over time.

Data Analysis

Descriptive Analysis

Brief Information

The bibliometric analysis of digital library research in China from 2008 to 2023 encompasses a substantial corpus of scholarly work, as summarized in Figure 1. The dataset comprises 576 documents, published across 197 sources, involving contributions from 3136 authors. On average, each document was cited 18.19 times, which indicated a moderate level of scholarly influence. With an average of 8.03 co-authors per document, the field demonstrates a strong tendency toward collaborative research efforts. These metrics provide a comprehensive overview of the scale, impact, and collaborative nature of digital library research in China over the past 15 years.

Figure 1.

Summary of the dataset.

Annual Scientific Production

Figure 2 illustrates the notable growth trend of digital library research in China over the studied period. Although the annual production fluctuates occasionally, the overall research output has maintained a steady rise. In the early years of the study period, the output was relatively modest, with less than 20 publications per year. Since 2015, with China’s increased focus on digital transformation and the growing importance of digital libraries in academic and public spheres, annual publications have soared to more than 40. The peak in production is observed in the most recent years, with over 60 publications in 2022, indicating a sustained and intensifying interest in the field.

Figure 2.

Annual scientific production.

Complementing the publication trend, Figure 3 presents the average citations per year, offering insights into the impact and recognition of the research over time. Due to their longer exposure in the academic community, early publications generally have accumulated more citations. It is noteworthy that publications from 2020 to 2022 show particularly high average citations, suggesting that this period produced several influential works that have shaped the field. When considered alongside the increasing publication rate, the overall citation trend indicates a maturing field with growing influence and a potentially expanding readership base interested in digital library research in the Chinese context.

Figure 3.

Average citations per year.

Keywords

Through the analysis of the most frequent keywords, Table 1 provides valuable insights into the primary focus areas and trending topics within digital library research in China. Among them, the term “model” tops the list (45 occurrences), which strongly reflects the importance attached by this field to building conceptual and theoretical frameworks in the field. Then, “impact” (31 occurrences) and “technology” (29 occurrences) highlight the research community’s interest in understanding the effects and technological aspects of digital libraries. The high frequency of terms such as “information,” “digital libraries,” “satisfaction,” and “adoption” underscores the multifaceted nature of the research, covering the optimization of information management, the improvement of user experience, and the motivation of technology adoption. The presence of keywords like “acceptance,” “behavior,” and “user acceptance” reveals that user-centric studies are occupying decisive positions. At the same time, “web,” “internet,” and “networks” appear frequently, which emphasizes the integral role of online technologies in the development of digital libraries. This keyword analysis not only reveals the balance between technological innovation and user needs and behaviors but also addresses broader impacts on information science and knowledge management.

Table 1.

Most Frequent Keywords

Words	Frequency
Model	45
Impact	31
Technology	29
Information	27
Digital libraries	25
Satisfaction	24
Adoption	23
Quality	22
Web	22
Design	20
Acceptance	19
System	19
Behavior	18
Networks	17
Science	17
Internet	16
Knowledge	16
User acceptance	15
Intention	14
Systems	14

Journal Impact

Table 2 quantifies the impact and contribution of various journals to the field of digital library research in China based on bibliometric indicators. “Electronic Library” with its excellent h-index (18), g-index (26), and the total cited frequency of 1527 times, ranks first among 210 publications, demonstrating its extraordinary position in disseminating research on digital libraries in the Chinese context. “Scientometrics” and “Library Hi Tech,” although having fewer publications than “Electronic Library,” are followed by h-index of 13 and 12, respectively, which proves their contribution to promoting the progress of the field. Journals such as “Information Processing & Management” and “Journal of Information Science” in the top ranks highlight the interdisciplinary nature of digital library research, spanning library science, information systems, and computer science domains.

Table 2.

Most Impactful Journal

Journal	H-Index	G-Index	M-Index	TC	NP
Electronic Library	18	26	1.059	1527	210
Scientometrics	13	15	0.929	473	15
Library Hi Tech	12	18	0.800	378	30
Program-Electronic Library and Information Systems	8	13	0.500	206	25
Information Processing & Management	7	8	0.583	113	8
Journal of Academic Librarianship	7	10	0.500	188	10
Journal of Information Science	7	8	0.412	81	8
IEEE Access	5	8	0.556	81	8
Aslib Journal of Information Management	4	5	0.400	49	5
IEEE-ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics	4	5	0.267	117	5

Figure 4 shows the production trend of these influential journals from a temporal perspective. The “Electronic Library” has maintained a consistently high publication output throughout the study period, further reinforcing its status as the leading journal in the field. In contrast, other journals such as “Library Hi Tech” and “Program-Electronic Library and Information Systems” show varying patterns of publication over time with some years seeing spikes in output. These not only suggest a dynamic and expanding research field, with contributions coming from various disciplinary perspectives, but also indicate the increasing recognition of digital library research as a significant area of study across multiple academic domains.

Figure 4.

Journals’ production over time.

Documents

Table 3 demonstrates the most globally cited documents in the field of digital library research related to China, and interestingly points out that the top cited works span a range of disciplines and topics, not all directly focused on digital libraries. The paper published by Nichols et al. (2022) in Lancet Public Health tops the list with 1404 citations, demonstrating its significant impact. Then, Kocarnik et al. (2022) in JAMA Oncology was cited 712 times, which highlighted digital library research intersects with and supports various fields, including public health and oncology. The third most cited paper by Chen and Schulz (2016) in Journal of Medical Internet Research with 422 citations, likely explores digital libraries in the context of medical information. Papers from Information System Research and IEEE Multimedia Transactions rank in the top 10 most cited list, which further underscores the multidisciplinary nature of digital library research, covering a wide range from information systems and multimedia technologies to data engineering. This diversified citation pattern is proof of the broad applicability and far-reaching influence of digital library research in many disciplines.

Table 3.

Most Globally Cited Documents

Paper	Journal	Total Citations	TC per Year
Nichols et al. (2022)	Lancet Public Health	1404	468.00
Kocarnik et al. (2022)	JAMA Oncology	712	237.33
Chen and Schulz (2016)	Journal of Medical Internet Research	422	46.89
Ong et al. (2023)	Lancet	395	197.50
Hong et al. (2014)	Information Systems Research	373	33.91
Sharma et al. (2022)	Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology	209	69.67
Yi et al. (2008)	IEEE Transactions on Multimedia	170	10.00
Tang et al. (2012)	IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering	168	12.92
Chen and Xiao (2016)	Journal of Informetrics	162	18.00
Rafique et al. (2020)	Computers & Education	161	32.20

Affiliations

Table 4 reveals the productivity of affiliations in digital library research related to China and shows a landscape dominated by Chinese institutions with some international representation. Wuhan University has established its undisputed leading position with a remarkable contribution of 230 articles, which is closely related to its profound knowledge in the field of library and information science. Remarkably, the University of Tehran Medical Sciences emerges as a surprising second with 64 articles. This achievement indicates significant international collaboration or focus on China-related digital library research. Nanjing University and Zhejiang University are tied for the third position with 53 articles each, which demonstrates the strong contributions of major Chinese universities. The presence of international institutions like the University of Pittsburgh and Harvard University, as well as the extensive participation of more Chinese universities such as Jilin University, Sun Yat-sen University, and Tsinghua University, have jointly confirmed the international community’s close attention to the research progress of digital library and widespread engagement in digital library research across China’s higher education institutions.

Table 4.

Productivity of Affiliations

Affiliation	Articles
Wuhan University	230
Tehran University of Medical Sciences	64
Nanjing University	53
Zhejiang University	53
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences	34
Iran University of Medical Sciences	33
Central China Normal University	31
Peking University	28
University of Porto	25
University of Washington	25
Renmin University of China	24
Jilin University	23
Nanjing University of Science and Technology	22
Sun Yat-sen University	22
Tsinghua University	22
University of Pittsburgh	22
Dalian University of Technology	21
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences	21
University of North Texas	21
Harvard University	20

Countries

Table 5 gives an overview of the contributing countries and cited countries in the digital library research related to China. China unsurprisingly established its position as the center of this field with a remarkable number of 1693 publications and 6455 citations. The United States followed with 503 publications and 3071 citations, which strongly proved the active international collaboration and influence in the field. Although the number of 418 publications in Iran has not translated into a corresponding high citation rate, it still reveals that its research output is gradually gaining academic recognition. The outstanding performance of India, Australia, and Britain is not only reflected in the publication of papers but also reflected in the high number of citations, which highlights their active involvement in China-related digital library research. It is worth noting that although Ethiopia and Saudi Arabia don’t appear in the top 10 for citations, they occupy a place in the top 10 for publications, which suggests emerging research interests in these nations. The global distribution of both publications and citations emphasizes the international nature of digital library research centered on China, with contributions and impact extending across multiple continents.

Table 5.

Countries of the Publications and Citations

Most Published Country	Publications	Most Cited Country	Citations
China	1693	China	6455
USA	503	USA	3071
Iran	418	India	253
India	203	Australia	165
Australia	159	UK	98
UK	119	Pakistan	94
Pakistan	107	Spain	90
Ethiopia	96	Nepal	67
Canada	69	Germany	52
Saudi Arabia	63	Switzerland	23

Thematic Evolution

Figure 5 depicts the thematic evolution of digital library research related to China, and profoundly reveals shifting focus areas and emerging trends in the field. In the earlier phases, the themes like “technology,” “model,” and “management” dominated, which concentrated on foundational aspects of digital library development and operation. These key themes have evolved and branched into more specialized areas over time. Recently, “impact,” “evolution,” and “design” have become more prevalent, which shows that researchers are integrating advanced technologies and data-driven approaches into the research of digital libraries. Meanwhile, the evolution of themes such as “recognition,” “experience,” and “satisfaction” reflects the field’s response to broader trends in scholarly communication and long-term information management. The thematic evolution demonstrates the vitality and forward-looking vision of digital library research in China. While constantly adapting to technological innovation and changing user needs, it maintains a focus on core library and information science principles.

Figure 5.

Thematic evolution.

Network Analysis

Co-Occurrence Network

Figure 6 presents the co-occurrence network of keywords in digital library research related to China, which visualizes the interconnected themes and concepts in the field. Some prominent keywords like “digital libraries,” “information,” and “impact” are closely clustered in the core areas, which form the core of the research field. These central nodes are densely connected to various other keywords, illustrating their fundamental role in linking different research aspects. Surrounding the cores, several sub-clusters with distinctive features gradually spread out. For instance, the purple cluster focuses on the theme of user experience and service innovation around keywords such as “service quality,” “perception,” and “electronic services.” The red cluster goes deep into the technological aspects, focusing on “design,” “search,” and “system” to explore the possibility of technical support and optimization.

Figure 6.

Co-occurrence network.

Co-Authorship Network

Figure 7 demonstrates the structure balances focused research within subdomains and broader collaborative efforts, reflecting a dynamic research environment that fosters both specialized studies and interdisciplinary exchanges in the field of digital library research in China. The network is characterized by distinct color-coded clusters, representing various research communities. Wei Lu (Sun Yat-sen University), Dan Wu (Wuhan University), and Yin Zhang (Zhejiang University) as central nodes with their significantly larger node sizes and extensive cross-cluster connections, highlight their roles in facilitating knowledge exchange across different research domains. Although the network subjects are highly interconnected, symbolizing robust collaboration and idea exchange, some peripheral nodes such as Gaohui Cao (Central China Normal University) and Yue-ting Zhuang (Zhejiang University) exhibit fewer connections, possibly indicating specialized research areas or emerging topics.

Figure 7.

Co-authorship network.

Co-Citation Network

Figure 8 illustrates the co-citation network of influential publications in digital library research related to China, which is divided into distinct yet interconnected clusters. The red cluster centered around Davis (1989), which emphasizes user acceptance and technology adoption theories and indicates the critical role of user perceptions in digital library development. Straub and Gefen (2004) dominate the green cluster, highlighting the importance of rigorous research methodologies and instrument validation, reflecting a strong focus on methodological integrity in the field. Featuring Fornell and Larcker (1981), the blue cluster signifies the prevalence of advanced statistical techniques, particularly structural equation modeling for analyzing complex relationships in digital library research. The co-citation network structure suggests the efforts of researchers in integrating user behavior theories with robust methodological approaches and sophisticated analytical techniques. It contributes to a comprehensive understanding of digital library development, implementation, and use in the Chinese context. The interconnectedness of these clusters reflects how the field combines established theoretical frameworks with rigorous methods and advanced analytics to address the multifaceted challenges of digital library systems.

Figure 8.

Co-citation network.

Bibliometric Coupling

Figure 9 reveals four distinct clusters that represent current research fronts. The largest blue cluster, centered around Xianjin Zha (Wuhan University), dominates the network, highlighting a primary research focus, possibly on user behavior in digital libraries. The red cluster focuses on the Frontier exploration of technological innovation around Dan Wu (Wuhan University) and Wei Lu (Wuhan University). The green cluster is led by Yin Zhang (Changan University) represents the key issue of digital preservation. The smaller yellow cluster, marked by Jing Chen (Huazhong Normal University) alone, may signify an emerging niche area, such as AI applications in digital libraries. The size and interconnectedness of the four clusters of blue, red, green and blue imply a well-established research ecosystem with strong thematic links and interdisciplinary approaches. In contrast, the isolated position of Jing Chen’s node suggests a novel research direction not yet fully integrated into the mainstream discourse. This bibliometric coupling analysis provides insights into how recent works in Chinese digital library research build upon shared intellectual foundations, highlighting current research priorities and potential future directions in the field.

Figure 9.

Bibliometric coupling.

Countries’ Collaboration World Map

Figure 10 presents a world map visualization of international collaboration in digital library research related to China. The color intensity intuitively reflects the level of collaboration, with darker shades representing higher levels of collaborative activity. China, with the most intense color, clearly marks its core role in global research. Strong collaborative links with the United States are particularly prominent, and European countries such as Britain, Germany and Spain have also displayed remarkable efforts. Countries such as Japan, South Korea, and Singapore, as well as countries as far away as Australia, Canada and even many African countries, are all connected with China’s collaborative network. Although the international nature of digital library research is centered in China, the global collaboration pattern highlights the cross-border knowledge exchange and joint research efforts in advancing this field.

Figure 10.

Country collaboration.

Implications, Limitations and Further Consideration

Implications

The bibliometric analysis of the research on digital libraries in China from 2008 to 2023 has yielded several significant implications for researchers, industry practitioners and policymakers in many aspects. The steady growth in publication output and citation impact highlights the increasing maturity and importance of digital library research in China, which suggests that there is a growing body of knowledge and expertise that can be leveraged to inform policy decisions and guide the development of digital library initiatives. The research topics range from user behavior to technological innovation indicating a sophisticated approach to digital library development in China, and presents opportunities for cross-disciplinary collaboration and integrated solutions that address both technical and social aspects of digital libraries. Additionally, the emergence of new themes emphasizes the necessity of continuous adaptation and innovation in digital library services to meet evolving user needs and technological advancements.

The analysis of collaboration patterns and international co-authorship networks reveals both strengths and areas for potential improvement in the field. The strong domestic collaboration within China, evidenced by the productivity of Chinese institutions, suggests a robust national research ecosystem. However, international collaboration at varying degrees indicates opportunities for further global engagement. Increasing international partnerships can not only facilitate knowledge exchange but also promote the adoption of best practices, and enhance the global visibility of China’s digital library innovations. For policymakers and research institutions, this means that both domestic research initiatives and international collaborative projects should be paid equal attention. In addition, the identified research trends and emerging themes can guide funding decisions and research priorities which ensure that resources are allocated to areas with the greatest potential for advancing digital library science and practice in China and beyond.

Limitations

Although this bibliometric analysis strives to be comprehensive, it still has some limitations. First, the research is only based on the data from the Web of Science Core Collection, which may fail to capture all relevant publications, particularly those in non-English languages or published in regional journals not indexed in this database. It could potentially underrepresent the contributions of Chinese-language publications and smaller, specialized journals. Second, although relying on quantitative metrics and network visualizations provides a lot of information, it is difficult to fully capture the qualitative nuances and contextual factors influencing digital library research in China. The time lag in citation accumulation may underestimate the impact of more recent publications, while the categorization of research themes and the interpretation of network structures involve a degree of subjectivity that may influence the conclusions drawn from the data. Ultimately, the study focuses on China-related digital library research, which may not fully reflect the global trends, limiting the direct comparison with the research on digital libraries in other regions.

Further Consideration

Future research can be further expanded on the existing basis, such as integrating more database resources such as Scopus, Google Scholar, and CNKI, and examining the research panorama from a broader perspective. Combining quantitative bibliometric analysis with qualitative methods, such as content analysis of key papers or interviews with leading researchers, can offer deeper insights into the motivations, challenges, and future directions of digital library research in China. Comparative studies of the research trends of digital libraries in China against those in other countries or regions could provide valuable context and highlight unique aspects of China’s approach. Longitudinal studies tracking the influence of specific themes or the impact of major policy initiatives on research output can offer insights into the factors driving research trends. Future studies could also explore the relationship between digital library research and broader technological and social trends in China, such as the development of smart cities or changes in information-seeking behaviors.

Conclusion

This study makes a bibliometric analysis of digital library research in China from 2008 to 2023, showing the remarkable growth trend, the evolving themes and the increasing international collaboration. It highlights the leading role of academic institutions in China, especially the contribution of Wuhan University in shaping the research landscape. The thematic evolution reveals a trend, that is, the research focus shifts from foundational concepts to advanced technological applications and user-centric approaches. Although domestic collaboration within China is strong, there is potential for increased international engagement. Key journals and influential works are identified, among which “Electronic Library” has become the leading publication journal in this field. Although aware of the inherent limitations of bibliometric analysis, this study still contributes valuable insights into the development of digital library research in China, its position within the global research community, and potential areas for future investigation. In view of the crucial role of digital libraries in information dissemination and preservation, especially in rapidly developing countries like China, this study provides a comprehensive overview to guide future research directions and inform policy decisions in this dynamic field.

Statements and Declarations

Footnotes

Conflicting Interests

The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iD

Yanyi Wu

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