This study examines how industry and occupation sex segregation are related to the use of flexible scheduling policies and perceptions of the career repercussions of using such policies. The analysis is performed on data from the 2002 National Study of the Changing Workforce (N = 2,810). Findings suggest that the percentage of women per industry and occupation increase the likelihood of using flexible scheduling; however, the effect is not cumulative. The results show that organization family support interacts with gender and the sex composition of the industry in predicting use of flexible scheduling. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the relationship between the extent of sex segregation and perceptions of the career repercussions of using policies is complicated with a three-way interaction of percentage women per industry, percentage women per occupation, and gender. These patterns are discussed in further detail along with implications of the study.
Acker, J. ( 1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations . Gender & Society, 4, 139-158.
2.
Acker, J. ( 1992). From sex roles to gendered institutions. Contemporary Sociology, 21, 565-569.
3.
Baron, J.N., & Bielby, W.T. ( 1985). Organizational barriers to gender equality: Sex segregation of jobs and opportunities. In A. Rossi (Ed.), Gender and the life course (pp. 233-251). Hawthorne, NY: Aldine.
4.
Blair-Loy, M. ( 2004). Work devotion and work time. In C. F. Epstein & A. L. Kalleberg (Eds.), Fighting for time: Shifting boundaries of work and social life (pp. 282-316). New York: Russell Sage.
5.
Blair-Loy, M., & Wharton, A.S. ( 2002). Employees’ use of work-family policies and the workplace social context. Social Forces, 80, 813-845.
6.
Bond, J.T., Thompson, C., Galinsky, E., & Prottas, D. ( 2003). The 2002 National Study of the Changing Workforce. New York: Families and Work Institute.
7.
Campbell, D.T., & Fiske, D.W. ( 1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81-105.
8.
Coltrane, S. ( 1996). Family man: Fatherhood, housework, and gender equity . New York: Oxford University Press .
9.
Coltrane, S. ( 2000). Research on household labor: Modeling and measuring the social embeddedness of routine family work. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 1208-1234.
10.
Cook, A., & Minnotte, K.L. (2008). Occupational and industry sex segregation and the work-family interface. Sex Roles, 59, 800-813.
11.
Crampton, S.M., & Wagner, J.A. ( 1994). Percept-percept inflation in microorganizational research: An investigation of prevalence and effect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 67-76.
12.
Davis, A.E., & Kalleberg, A.L. (2006). Family-friendly organizations? Work and family programs in the 1990s. Work and Occupations , 33, 191-223.
13.
Epstein, C.F. ( 2004). Border crossings: The constraints of time norms in transgressions of gender and professional roles. In C. F. Epstein & A. L. Kalleberg (Eds.), Fighting for time: Shifting boundaries of work and social life (pp. 317-340). New York: Russell Sage.
14.
Epstein, C.F., & A.L. Kalleberg . (2004). Time and work: Changes and challenges. In C. F. Epstein & A. L. Kalleberg (Eds.), Fighting for time: Shifting boundaries of work and social life (pp. 1-24). New York: Russell Sage.
15.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. ( 2002). Job patterns for minorities and women in private industry , 2002. Washington, DC: EEOC.
16.
Fenwick, R., & Tausig, M. ( 2004). The health and family-social consequences of shift work and schedule control: 1977 and 1997. In C. F. Epstein & A. L. Kalleberg (Eds.), Fighting for time: Shifting boundaries of work and social life (pp. 77-110). New York: Russell Sage.
17.
Fiske, D.W. ( 1982). Convergent-discriminant validation in measurements and research strategies. New Directions for Methodology of Social and Behavioral Science, 12, 77-92.
18.
Fletcher, J.K., & Bailyn, L. ( 2005). The equity imperative: Redesigning work for work-family integration. In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives (pp. 171-190). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
19.
Glass, J. ( 1990). The impact of occupational segregation on working conditions . Social Forces, 68, 779-796.
20.
Glass, J. ( 2000). Envisioning the integration of family and work: Toward a kinder, gentler workplace. Contemporary Sociology, 29, 129-143.
21.
Glass, J., & Camarigg, V. ( 1992). Gender, parenthood, and job-family compatibility. American Journal of Sociology, 98, 131-151.
22.
Glass, J., & Fujimoto, T. ( 1995). Employer characteristics and the provision of family responsive policies. Work and Occupations, 22, 380-412.
23.
Glass, J.L., & Estes, S.B. ( 1997). The family responsive workplace. Annual Review of Sociology, 23, 289-313.
24.
Hays, S. ( 1996). The cultural contradictions of motherhood. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
25.
Hill, E.J., Grzywacz, J.G., Allen, S., Blanchard, V.L., Matz-Costa, C., Shulkin, S., et al. (2008). Defining and conceptualizing workplace flexibility. Community, Work, and Family, 11, 149-163.
26.
Hill, E.J., Hawkins, A.J., Ferris, M., & Weitzman, M. ( 2001). Finding an extra day a week: The positive influence of perceived job flexibility on work and family life balance. Family Relations, 50, 49-58.
27.
Hill, E.J., Yang, C., Hawkins, A.J., & Ferris, M. ( 2004). A cross-cultural test of the work-family interface in 48 countries. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 1300-1316.
28.
Hochschild, A.R. ( 1997). The time bind: When work becomes home and home becomes work. New York: Henry Holt.
29.
Hochschild, A.R., with Machung, A. ( 1989). The second shift. New York: Viking.
30.
Hult, C. ( 2005). How’s the climate on your campus? Academic Leader, 21, 5-6.
31.
Jacobs, J.A. ( 1993). Men in female-dominated jobs: Trends and turnover. In C. L. Williams (Ed.), Doing "women’s work": Men in nontraditional occupations (pp. 49-63). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
32.
Jacobs, J.A., & Gerson, K. ( 2004a). The time divide: Work, family, and gender inequality . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
33.
Jacobs, J.A., & Gerson, K. ( 2004b). Understanding changes in American working time: A synthesis . In C. F. Epstein & A. L. Kalleberg (Eds.), Fighting for time: Shifting boundaries of work and social life (pp. 25-45). New York: Russell Sage.
34.
Kanter, R.M. ( 1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
35.
Kelly, E.L. ( 2006). Work-family policies: The United States in international perspective. In M. Pitt-Catsouphes, E. E. Kossek, & S. Sweet (Eds.), The work and family handbook: Multi-disciplinary perspectives and approaches (pp. 125-140). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
36.
Kilmartin, C.T. ( 2000). The masculine self. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
37.
Kimmel, M.S. ( 1993). Preface. In C. L. Williams (Ed.), Doing "women’s work": Men in nontraditional occupations (pp. ix-x). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
38.
Kossek, E.E., & Lambert, S.J. ( 2005). Work-family scholarship: Voice and context. In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives (pp. 3-18). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
39.
Maume, D.J., & Houston, P. ( 2001). Job segregation and gender differences in work-family spillover among white-collar workers. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 22, 171-189.
40.
Mennino, S.F., Rubin, B.A., & Brayfield, A. ( 2005). Home-to-job and job-to-home spillover: The impact of company policies and workplace culture. The Sociological Quarterly , 46, 107-135.
41.
Messner, M.A. ( 1992). Power at play: Sports and the problem of masculinity . Boston: Beacon.
42.
Miller-Loessi, K. ( 1992). Toward gender integration in the workplace: Issues at multiple levels. Sociological Perspectives, 35, 1-15.
43.
Moen, P. ( 2003). Introduction. In P. Moen (Ed.), It’s about time: Couples and careers (pp. 1-14). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
44.
Moen, P., & Roehling, P. ( 2005). The career mystique: Cracks in the American dream. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
45.
Padavic, I., & Reskin, B. ( 2002). Women and men at work. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
46.
Pierce, J.L. ( 1995). Gender trials: Emotional lives in contemporary law firms . Berkeley: University of California Press.
47.
Rapoport, R., Bailyn, L., Fletcher, J.K., & Pruitt, B.H. ( 2002). Beyond work-family balance: Advancing gender equity and workplace performance. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
48.
Reskin, B.F., McBrier, D.B., & Kmec, J.A. ( 1999). The determinants and consequences of workplace sex and race composition. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 335-361.
49.
Ridgeway, C.L., & Correll, S.J. ( 2004). Unpacking the gender system: A theoretical perspective on gender beliefs and social relations. Gender & Society , 18, 510-531.
50.
Secret, M. ( 2000). Identifying the family, job, and workplace characteristics of employees who use work-family benefits. Family Relations , 49, 217-225.
51.
Shelton, D., & John, D. ( 1996). The division of household labor. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 299-323.
52.
Stevens, D.P., Kiger, G., & Riley, P.J. ( 2002). Coming unglued? Workplace characteristics, work satisfaction, and family cohesion. Social Behavior and Personality, 30, 289-302.
53.
Still, M.C., & Strang, D. ( 2003). Institutionalizing family-friendly policies. In P. Moen (Ed.), It’s about time: Couples and careers (pp. 288-309). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
54.
Sutton, K.L., & Noe, R.A. ( 2005). Family-friendly programs and work-life integration: More myth than magic? In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual responses (pp. 151-170). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
55.
Sweet, S., & Meiksins, P. ( 2008). Changing contours of work: Jobs and opportunities in the new economy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
56.
Thompson, C.A., Beauvais, L.L., & Allen, T.D. ( 2006). Work and family from an industrial/organizational psychology perspective. In M. Pitt-Catsouphes, E. E. Kossek, & S. Sweet (Eds.), The work and family handbook: Multi-disciplinary perspectives and approaches (pp. 283-308). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
57.
Thompson, C.A., Beauvais, L.L., & Lyness, L.L. ( 1999). When work-family benefits are not enough: The influence of work-family culture and benefit utilization, organizational attachment, and work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 392-415.
58.
Warren, J.A., & Johnson, P.J. ( 1995). The impact of workplace support on work-family role strain . Family Relations, 44, 163-169.
59.
Williams, C.L. ( 1989). Gender differences at work: Men and women in nontraditional occupations. Berkeley: University of California Press.
60.
Williams, C.L. ( 1992). The glass escalator: Hidden advantages for men in "female" professions. Social Problems, 39, 253-267.
