Aroclor 1254, at a dose level of 280 μg/kg body weight equivalent to 200 μg/kg/day, was given 5 days per week to rhesus monkeys over a 27 to 28 month period. Terminal clinical signs of varying severity included fingernail detachment, exuberant nail beds, weight loss, stomatitis and normocytic anemia. At necropsy the bone marrow was hypocellular with increased M:E ratio and cytoplasmic vacuoles in crythroid precursor cells. Histopathologic lesions included dilatation of the tarsal gland ducts, atrophy or absence of splenic and lymphonodal germinal centers, bone marrow depletion, gingival erosion and ulceration, moderate mucinous hypertrophic gastropathy with cystic dilatation of occasional gastric glands, hepatocellular enlargement and necrosis, hypertrophy of biliary duct epithelium, hyperplasia of biliary ducts, hypertrophy of the gall bladder epithelium, and an equivocal increase in the number of lysosomes in thyroid follicular epithelial cells. PCB tissue concentrations were lowest in brain and highest in blood. The results suggest that severe potentially fatal PCB toxicity can develop in rhesus monkeys following ingestion of Aroclor 1254 at 200 μg/kg/day for a period of 27 months or longer.
References
1.
1. Allen JR, Barsotti DA, Lambrecht LK, and Van Miller JP (1979). Reproductive effects of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons on nonhuman primates. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.320:419–425.
2.
2. Allen JR, Carstens LA, and Barsotti DA (1974). Residual effects of short-term, low-level exposure of nonhuman primates to polychlorinated biphenyls. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.30:440–451.
3.
3. Chang KJ, Chen JS, Huang PC, and Tung TC (1980). Study of patients with polychlorinated biphenyls poisoning. J. Formosan Med. Assoc.79:304–313.
4.
4. Cordle F, Corneliusse P, Jelinek C, Hackley B, Lehman R, McLauckling J, Rhoden R, and Sapiro R (1978). Human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls. Env. Health. Persp.24:157–172.
5.
5. Luna LG (1968). Manual of Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.
6.
6. McConnell EE (1980). Acute and chronic toxicity, carcinogenesis, reproduction, teratogenesis, and mutagenesis in animals. In: Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls. Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxins and Related Products, RD Kimbrough (ed). Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, Holland, pp. 109–150.
7.
7. Mes J, Davies D, and Truelove J (1980). The determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in small samples of monkey milk and tissues. Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem.8:89–98.
8.
8. Thompson SW (1966). Selected Histochemical and Histopathologic Methods.Charles C Thomas, Publishers, Springfield, Illinois.
9.
9. Truelove J, Grant DL, Mes J, Tryphonas H, Tryphonas L, and Zawidzka Z (1982). Polychlorinated biphenyl toxicity in the pregnant cynomolgus monkey: A pilot study. Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol.11:583–588.
10.
10. Tryphonas L, Charbonneau S, Tryphonas H, Zawidzka Z, Mes J, Wong J, and Arnold DL (1986). Comparative toxicity in adult cynomolgus (M. fascicularis) and rhesus (M. mulatta) monkeys fed Aroclor 1254: A pilot study. Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol, (in press).
11.
11. Tryphonas L, Truelove J, Zawidzka Z, Wong J, Mes J, Charbonneau S, Grant DL, and Campbell JS (1984). Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) toxicity in adult cynomolgus (M. fascicularis) monkeys: A pilot study. Toxicol. Pathol.12:10–25.
12.
12. World Health Organization (1976). Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Terphenyls. Environ Health Criteria 2, Geneva.
13.
13. Zitko V, Hutzinger O, and Choi PMK (1972). Contamination of the Bay of Fundy-Gulf of Maine area with polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated terphenyls, chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ. Health. Perspect.1:47–50.
14.
1. Anderson NL, Nance SL, Pearson TW, and Anderson NG (1982). Specific antiserum staining of two-dimensional electrophoretic patterns of human plasma proteins immobilized on nitrocellulose. Electrophoresis3: 135.
15.
2. Bishop J (1959). A histological and histochemical study of the kidney tubules of the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, with special reference to the sexual segment in the male. J. Morph.104:307–350.
16.
3. Bruner RH (1984). Pathologic findings in laboratory animals exposed to hydrocarbon fuels of military interest. In: Renal Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Vol. VII. MA Mehlman, CP Hemstreet, JJ Thorpe, NK Weaver (eds). Princeton Scientific Publishers, Inc. p. 133–140.
17.
4. Carpenter CP, Kinkead ER, Geary DL Jr, Sullivan LJ, and King JM (1975). Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity studies. III. Animal and human response to vapors of Stoddard Solvent. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.32:282–297.
18.
5. Carpenter CP, Kinkead ER, Geary DL Jr, Sullivan LJ, and King JM (1975). Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity studies. VI. Animal and human response to vapors of “60 Solvent.. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.34: 374–394.
19.
6. Gaworski CL, Leahy HF, and Bruner HF (1980). Sub-chronic inhalation toxicity of decalin. Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Environmental Toxicology. AFAMRL-TR-79–121 (ADA086341), Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.
20.
7. Kanerva RL, Stone LC, and Alden CL (1986). Morphogenesis of decalin-induced renal alterations in the male rat. Food Chem. Toxicol, (in press).
21.
8. Kanerva RL, Ridder GM, Stone LC, and Alden CL (1986). Characterization of spontaneous and decalin-induced hyaline droplets in kidneys of adult male rats. Food Chem. Toxicol, (in press).
22.
9. Lane SE and Neuhaus OW (1972). Other studies on the isolation and characterization of a sex-dependent protein from the urine of male rats. Biochim. Biophys. Acta257:461–470.
23.
10. MacFarland HN, Ulrich CE, Holdsworth CE, Kitchen DN, Halliwell WH, and Blum SC (1984). A chronic inhalation study with unleaded gasoline vapor. J. Am. Coll. of Toxicol.3(4): 231.
24.
11. Maunsbach AB (1966). Electron microscopic observations of cytoplasmic bodies with crystalline patterns in rat kidney proximal tubule cells. J. Ultra-struct. Res.14:167–189.
25.
12. Parker GA, Bogo V, and Young RW (1981). Acute toxicity of conventional versus shale-derived JP5 jet fuel: Light microscopic, hematologic and serum chemistry studies. Toxicol, and Appl. Pharmacol.57:302–327.
26.
13. Pesce AJ, Clyne DH, Pollak VE, Kant SF, Foulkes EC, and Selenke WM (1980). Renal tubular interactions of proteins. Clin. Biochem.13:209–215.
27.
14. Phillips RD and Egan GF (1984). Effect of C10-11 isoparaffinic solvent on kidney function in Fischer 344 rats during eight weeks of inhalation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.73:500–510.
28.
15. Roy AL, Nath TS, Motwani NM, and Chatterjee B (1983). Age dependent regulation of the polymorphic forms of alpha2μ-globulin. J. Biol. Chem.258:10123–10127.
29.
16. Roy AK and Neuhaus OW (1967). Androgenic control of a sex-dependent protein in the rat. Nature214:618–620.
30.
17. Short BG, Burnett VL, Martin JT, and Swenberg JA (1984). Hydrocarbon-mediated nephrotoxicity. II. Pathology of acute hydrocarbon nephrotoxicity in male rats. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists, Nov. 12–16, 1984, Toronto, Canada.
31.
18. Stone LC, McCracken MS, Kanerva RL, Alden CL, McKinney JC, and Lawhorn G (1986). Development of a short-term model of decalin inhalation nephrotoxicity in the male rat. Food Chem. Toxicol, (in press).
32.
19. Stone LC, Kanerva RL, Burns JL, Alden CL, McKinney JC, and Lawhorn G (1986). Decaline-induccd nephrotoxicity: The light and electron microscopic effect of oral dosing on kidney lesion development in the rat. Food Chem. Toxicol, (in press).
