Knowledge of patterns of lesion distribution can provide insight into the relative roles played by regional tissue dose and local tissue susceptibility in toxic responses to xenobiotics in the nose and assist assessment of potential human risk. A consistent approach is needed for recording lesion distribution patterns in the complex nasal airways of rats and mice. The present work provides a series of diagrams of the nasal passages of the Fischer-344 rat and B6C3F1 mouse, designed for mapping nasal lesions. The diagrams present each of the major cross-sectional airway profiles, provide adequate space for nasal mucosal lesion recording, and are suitable for duplication in a commercial photocopier. Sagittal diagrams are also provided to permit transfer oflesion location data observed in transverse sections onto the long axis of the nose. The distribution of lesions induced by a selected range of xenobiotics is presented. Approaches to application of the diagrams and interpretation of results obtained are discussed in relation to factors responsible for lesion distribution in the nose and their relevance to interspecies extrapolation. A modified approach to anatomical classification of the ethmoturbinates of the rodent is also presented.
Barrow CS (ed) (1986). Toxicology of the Nasal Passages. Hemisphere. New York.
2.
Belinsky SA, Walker VE, Maronpot RRSwenberg JA and Anderson MW (1987). Molecular dosimetry of DNA adduct formation and cell toxicity in rat nasal mucosa following exposure to the tobacco specific nitrosamine 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and their relationship to induction of neoplasia. Cancer Res. 47: 6058-6065.
3.
Bogdanffy MS (1990). Biotransformation enzymes in the rodent nasal mucosa: The value of a histochemical approach. Environ. Health Perspect. 85: 177-186.
4.
Bolon B.Bonnefoi MSRoberts KCMarshall MW, and Morgan KT (1991). Toxic interactions in the rat nose: Pollutants from soiled bedding and methyl bromide. Toxicol. Pathol. 19: 571-579.
5.
Buckley LAJiang XZ, James RAMorgan KT, and Barrow CS (1984). Respiratory tract lesions induced by sensory irritants at the RD50 concentration. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 74: 417-429.
6.
Buckley LA, Morgan KT, Swenberg JAJames RA, Hamm TEJ, and Barrow CS (1985). The toxicity of dimethylamine in F-344 rats and B6C3F1 mice following a 1 year inhalation exposure. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 5: 341-352.
7.
Dahl AR and Hadley WH (1991). Nasal cavity enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism: Effects on the toxicity of inhalants. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol . 21: 345-372.
8.
Feron VJ and Bosland MC (eds) (1989). Nasal Carcinogenesis in Rodents: Relevance to Human Health Risk. Proceedings of the TNO-CIVO/NYU Nose Symposium. Pudoc Wageningen. Veldhoven. The Netherlands, October 24-28. 1988.
9.
Genter MBLlorens J.O'Callaghan JP, Peele DB, Morgan KT, and Crofton KM (1992). Olfactory toxicity of β,β'-iminodiproprionitrile (IDPN) in the rat. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 263: 1432-1439.
10.
Gross EAMellick PW, Kari FW, Miller FJ, and Morgan KT (1994). Histopathology and cell replication responses in the respiratory tract of rats and mice exposed by inhalation to glutaraldehyde for up to thirteen weeks. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. (in press).
11.
Gross EAPatterson DL and Morgan KT (1987). Effects of acute and chronic dimethylamine exposure on the nasal mucociliary apparatus. of F-344 rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.90: 359-376.
12.
Gross EA, Swenberg JAFields S. and Popp JA (1982). Comparative morphometry of the nasal cavity in rats and mice. J. Anal. 135: 83-88.
13.
Harkema JR (1991). Comparative aspects of nasal airway anatomy: Relevance to inhalation toxicology. Toxicol, Pathol. 19: 321-336.
14.
Harkema JRPlopper CG, Hyde DMSt. George JA, Wilson DW, and Dungworth DL (1987). Response of the macaque nasal epithelium to ambient levels of ozone. Am. J. Pathol. 128: 29-44.
15.
Hebel R. and Stromberg MW (1976). Anatomy of the Laboratory Rat. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. Maryland.
16.
Heck Hd'A.Casanova M.Morgan KTBermudez EGMoss OR, Asgharian B., and James RA (1993). Site-specific formation of DNA-protein cross-links by formaldehyde in pre-exposed rats. Toxicologist13: 261.
17.
Hurtt ME, Thomas DA, Working PK, Monticello TM, and Morgan KT (1988). Degeneration and regeneration of the olfactory epithelium following inhalation exposure to methyl bromide: Pathology, cell kinetics, and olfactory function. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol . 94: 311-328.
18.
Ibanes JD, Morgan KT, and Burleson GR (1993). Histopathological and flow cytometric analyses in nasal epithelium and nasal associated lymphoid tissue as a result of virus infection and pollutant exposure. Toxicologist13: 91.
19.
Jiang XZ, Buckley LA, and Morgan KT (1983). Histopathology of toxic responses to chlorine gas in the nasal passages of rats and mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 71: 225-236.
20.
Jiang XZ, Morgan KT, and Beauchamp RO (1986). Histopathology of acute and subacute nasal toxicity . In: Toxicology of the Nasal Passages, CS Barrow (ed). Hemisphere, New York, pp. 51-66.
21.
Johnson NF, Hotchkiss JA, Harkema JR, and Henderson RF (1990). Proliferative responses of rat nasal epithelia of ozone. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 103: 143-155.
22.
Kimbell JS, Gross EA, Joyner DR, Godo MN, and Morgan KT (1993). Application of computational fluid dynamics to regional dosimetry of inhaled chemicals in the upper respiratory tract of the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 121: 253-263.
23.
Klonne DR, Ulrich CE, Riley MG, Hamm TEJ, Morgan KT, and Barrow CS (1987). One-year inhalation toxicity study of chlorine in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 9: 557-572.
24.
Lee KP, Valentine R., and Bogdanffy MS (1992). Nasal lesion development and reversibility in rats exposed to aerosols of dibasic esters. Toxicol. Pathol.20: 376-393.
25.
Macia RA, Short BG, and Kerns WD (1993). Selective damage of the olfactory epithelium (OE) of the vomeronasal organ following intranasal instillation of growth hormone releasing peptide (GH-RP-6) in rats. Toxicologist13: 262.
26.
Mery S., Larson JL, Butterworth BE, Wolf DC, Harden R., and Morgan KT (1994). Nasal toxicity of chloroform in male F344 rats and female B6C3F1 mice following one week inhalation exposure. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacal. 125: 214-227.
27.
Monticello TM, Miller FJ, and Morgan KT (1991). Regional increases in rat nasal respiratory epithelial cell proliferation following acute and subacute inhalation of formaldehyde. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 111: 409-421.
28.
Morgan KT (1991). Approaches to the identification and recording of nasal lesions in toxicology studies. Toxicol. Pathol. 19: 337-351.
29.
Morgan KT, Gross EA and Patterson DL (1986). Distribution, progression, and recovery of acute formaldehyde-induced inhibition of nasal mucociliary function in F-344 rats . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 86:448-456.
30.
Morgan KT, Jiang XZ, Patterson DL, and Gross EA (1984). The nasal mucociliary apparatus: Correlation of structure and function in the rat. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 130: 275-281.
31.
Morgan KT, Jiang XZ, Starr TB, and Kerns WD (1986). More precise localization of nasal tumors associated with chronic exposure of F-344 rats to formaldehyde gas. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 82: 264-271.
32.
Morgan KT, Kimbell JS, Monticello TM, Patra AL, and Fleishman A. (1991). Studies of inspiratory airflow patterns in the nasal passages of the F344 rat and rhesus monkey using nasal molds: Relevance to formaldehyde toxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 110: 223-240.
33.
Morgan KT and Monticello TM (1990). Airflow, gas deposition, and lesion distribution in the nasal passages. Environ. Health Perspect. 85: 209-218.
34.
Morgan KT, Monticello TM, Fleishman A., and Patra AL (1988). Preparation of rat nasal airway casts and their application to studies of nasal airflow. In: Extrapolation of Dosimetric Relationships for Inhaled Particles and Gases, JD Crapo, ED Smolko , FJ Miller, JA Graham, and AW Hayes (eds). Academic Press, New York, pp. 45-58.
35.
Morgan KT, Patterson DL, and Gross EA (1986). Responses of the nasal mucociliary apparatus of F-344 rats to formaldehyde gas. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 82: 1-13.
36.
Morris JB, Hassett DN, and Blanchard KT (1993). A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for nasal uptake and metabolism of nonreactive vapors. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 123: 120-129.
37.
Morse CC, Boyd M., and Witschi H. (1984). The effect of 3-methylfuran inhalation exposure on the rat nasal cavity. Toxicology30: 195-204.
38.
Reuzel PGJ , Wilmer Jwgm, Woutersen RA, Zwart A., Rombout PJA , and Feron VJ (1990). Interactive effects of ozone and formaldehyde on the nasal respiratory lining epithelium in rats . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health29: 279-292.
39.
Reznik G. (1983). Comparative anatomy and histomorphology of the nasal and paranasal cavities in rodents. In: Nasal Tumors in Animals and Man, Vol. 1, G Reznik and SF Stinson (eds). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida , pp. 35-44.
40.
Stott WT, Dryzga MD, and Ramsey JC (1983). Blood-flow distribution in the mouse. J. Appl. Toxicol. 3: 310-312.
41.
Uriah LC and Maronpot RR (1990). Normal histology of the nasal cavity and application of special techniques. Environ. Health Perspect. 85: 187-208.
42.
Uriah LC, Morgan KT, and Maronpot RR (1990). Symposium on toxicologic pathology of the upper respiratory system. Environ. Health Perspect. 85: 161-352.
43.
Young JT (1981). Histopathologic examination of the rat nasal cavity . Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 1: 309-312.
